Intralanguage vs. interlanguage Stroop effects in two types of writing systems

The relation between word processing strategy and the orthographic structure of a written language was explored in the present study. Three experiments were conducted using Chinese-English, Spanish-English, and Japanese-English bilinguals, respectively. Each subject was asked to perform a modified Stroop color-naming task in which the stimulus and the response language were either the same or different. The magnitude of the Stroop effect was greater in the intralanguage condition than in the interlanguage condition. When the magnitude of reduction of Stroop interference from the intra- to the interlanguage condition was compared across all bilingual groups, an inverse relationship was found between the magnitude of reduction and the degree of similarity between the orthographic structures of the two written languages. It is concluded that reading logographic and reading phonetic symbols entail different processing mechanisms and that controversial issues in bilingual processing cannot be resolved without taking into account the effect of orthographic variations on the information processing system.     

Gender-role adoption and sex as academic and psychological risk factors

Five hundred and ten first-year junior high school students were administered a battery of psychological tests. On the basis of their scores from two gender-role adoption measures, three smaller groups were extracted within each biological sex: masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated individuals. Feminine students reported a greater amount of discomfort (vulnerability). A battery of tests administered toward the end of that school year revealed that females attained greater neuroticism and alienation scores than did their male peers. Possible explanations for this pubescent self-report of maladjustment are the more masculine orientation of the junior high school in comparison to the elementary school and the menarche.The authors wish to thank Ms. S. Chesterman, Regional Director of the Montreal Catholic School Commission, and Mr. K. Quinn, Principal of Sir Wilfred Laurier Junior High School, for granting us permission to disrupt school activities in order to test their students. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following members of Sir Wilfred Laurier: Mr. O. Hruby, Vice-Principal; Sr. G. Larocque, Vice-Principal; Mr. S. Radeschi, key teacher; and members of the administrative and teaching staff.     

儿童对客体运动速度的认知发展——5—11岁儿童比较匀速直线运动光点速度的实验

本研究的目的是继续探讨不同年龄儿童对运动速度认知发展的水平和特点。被试为5—11岁儿童共205人,每组28—30人。采用个别实验。主试改用仪器显示在三种不同条件下的两个光点的等速匀速运动。令儿童比较它们的运动速度。每做完一个项目后不管儿童回答是否正确都要求他们说明理由。 实验结果表明:1)本实验条件下儿童对光点运动速度的认知同对玩具小汽车速度的认知有大体相同的发展趋势和年龄阶段的特点。2)本实验中儿童对光点速度的认知在以下几方面有别于对玩具小汽车运动速度的认知:a.从8岁起儿童依据两个光点之间的距离判断速度的人次随年龄增加。b.当儿童不能整合时、空因素时,空间因素的优势作用有减弱的趋势。3)较大儿童能采取各种策略主动解决问题。     

Prison pastoral care: The seer as a new paradigm

The purpose of this essay is twofold: to review two existing paradigms (the Priest and the Prophet) of pastoral care with prisoners; to propose a new paradigm (the Seer). The prison chaplain has been traditionally identified as a priest or a prophet. The change of pastoral setting from parish to prison is a drastic one that requires a paradigm shift. Incarceration is understood in terms of liminality which is a transitional period of a life re-ordering. To those in liminality, the Seer as a divine visionary of hope comes to reawaken a sense of God's presence and aims at renewing of covenant faith.This article is an edited version of an address presented by the author to the Chaplains of Tennessee Department of Corrections at their annual meeting in January 1990.     

跨文化发展心理学的研究方法和新趋势

本文论述了跨文化发展心理学研究所依据的方法学原则以及当前的研究动向和发展趋势。     

双目光学测距仪器光轴不平行度范围的实验研究

目前,我国的双目光学测距仪器光轴不平行度公差大致有以下几组: 垂直发散:±15′±20′±20′±27′ 水平发散:60′60′60′60′ 水平会聚:20′20′30′36′上述数据基本上是沿袭国外有关数据。美苏两国这方面的数据大致为:     

4-6岁儿童认知发展过程中直接认知成分与间接认知成分相互关系的研究

本实验是分析学前儿童认知过程中三种不同的条件(实物、照片、语言指示)对儿童计数、操作和比较活动的影响,探讨认知的各直接成分和各间接成分的关系在儿童认知发展中的作用;并了解3—6岁儿童在三种认知活动中的特点。     

用温度性眼震电图检查鉴定105例严重飞行错觉飞行员的初步报告

飞行错觉是复杂气象飞行中每个飞行员都可能发生的一种心理生理现象。据我们观察,在飞行员发生的飞行错觉中,93％是一过性的,反应轻微;7％是严重的,反复发生,且难以克服,影响操作,伴有不适症状,甚至可能导致严重飞行事故。因此,开展严重飞行错觉医务鉴定的研究,对保证飞行安全具有实际意义。     

马克思主义和人本心理学

美国人本主义心理学,就其关于人的价值的观点而论,可以说主要是从心理学角度对人的本质及其实现问题的研究。这当然并不是一个新问题。早在一个多世纪以前,马克思就曾从哲学、心理学和经济学角度对此进行过系统的探讨。     

入手术室时的情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能的联系及其和针麻效果的关系

情绪活动和某些生理机能或心理过程的关系很久以来就已进行过大量的研究。外科手术前患者的情绪状态及其相应的生理机能的变化,也曾受到注意。患者在意识清醒状态下进行针麻手术,他的情绪状态对针麻过程及其效果的作用如何,这种情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能有什么联系?这是针麻临床上和理论上应予探讨的问题之一。本工作试图综合分析患者的情绪状态和与之伴随的某些生理生化指标变化,以探讨