积极心理学在戒毒人员团体辅导中的应用

戒毒人员的心理干预与矫治正日益受到重视。积极心理学关注人们发掘自身的积极品质和积极力量,戒毒人员同样拥有的积极力量。本研究对上海市某强制隔离戒毒所的戒毒人员开展了以积极心理学为理论基础的团体心理辅导。团体辅导之后,实验组在正性情感和乐观上的得分都显著高于团体辅导前,对照组在团体辅导前后则没有显著变化。可见,将积极心理学应用于戒毒人员的团体辅导具有积极意义,团体辅导是一种有效的戒毒心理矫治方式。     

青少年自主-联结的发展及其与社会适应的关系研究

青春期是个体自主和联结的发展变化最为显著、最为突出的阶段。研究对424名中学生自主和联结的发展状况及其社会适应进行了调查,结果表明：（1）青少年具有高自治高联结、低自主低联结及个体化型三类不同的自主-联结发展水平;（2）三种类别随年龄增长呈现各自不同的发展态势,同时男生在三种类型上人数分布相对较为均衡,女生则较多属于高自治高联结类型;（3）高自治高联结者的社会适应和学业成绩最为理想。     

《尚书》伦理思想探析

《尚书》中的伦理思想肇始于夏商周三代生产力的发展、王朝更替的推动和天命观的形成。《尚书》中的伦理思想包括:民本思想、德的思想、孝友思想、个人修养思想以及宗教伦理思想。这些思想为中国古代伦理思想的形成奠定了基础,不仅为先秦伦理思想的形成起了引领作用,而且影响中国两千多年封建社会伦理文化的脉路。     

中等强度情绪性图片的神经机制——一项fMRI研究

采用修订后的中等唤起度的国际情绪图片为刺激材料,以12名女性大学生为被试,考察情绪性图片引起的脑激活模式。结果发现,与中性条件相比,消极情绪图片激活了枕叶、杏仁核、海马旁回和壳核。积极情绪图片引起枕叶、内侧眶额、额中回等脑区的激活,研究结果再次验证了杏仁核与消极情绪的密切关系,同时推测,内侧眶额可能是中等唤起度的趋近性积极情绪的一个脑功能区。     

Can unpredicted outcomes be intended? The role of outcome-beliefs in children's judgments of intention

An adult-like concept of intention includes a deliberate action to achieve a goal and a belief that one's action (if successful) will cause the desired outcome. For example, good outcomes caused by accident or by chance are not believed to be caused intentionally. In two experiments, we asked whether children understand this connection between intentions and outcomes. Children played two games in which actions could produce unintended outcomes (i.e., causes were unplanned). Children sometimes received a desirable reward independent of intention. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds mistakenly claimed they had intended the desirable outcome even when it was unexpected. Four-year-olds judged that they had not intended a deliberate action if it did not yield a rewarding outcome. Experiment 2 demonstrates that 6-year-olds seldom make these errors. The results suggest that 4- and 5-year-old children have not yet attained an adult-like concept of intention. Their inaccurate judgments regarding their intentions, given a rewarding yet unexpected outcome, can be explained by a positivity bias.     

近五年来《心理学报》与《心理科学》文献计量比较研究

该研究采用文献计量学方法,以2005—2009年《心理学报》与《心理科学》的载文为研究对象,分别统计了两种期刊载文的研究领域、研究方法、载文体裁和作者特征等方面的数据信息。结果发现：基础领域是两种期刊心理学研究的主要领域;在应用领域方面两种期刊侧重点不同;两种期刊在研究方法的选择上是一致的,即实验法是心理学研究的主要研究方法,数据的搜集则主要靠测评法;两种期刊在心理学研究者的地区分布中都出现了明显的地区优势,优势地区与核心作者群略有不同。     

硕士生就业压力源、人格、情绪调节策略与负性情绪的关系

该研究以某985高校550名硕士毕业生为样本,编制、修订了相关问卷或量表,通过数据分析探讨了就业压力源对就业过程产生的负性情绪的直接效应及人格、情绪调解策略等中介变量的效应。结果发现,就业压力源、神经质性对负性情绪有显著直接效应,就业压力源通过人格的神经质性维度对负性情绪产生显著间接效应;神经质性的影响程度大于就业压力源的影响程度。关于负性情绪,未发现情绪调节策略对其有显著的直接效应或中介效应。     

长时重复启动范式下言语理解中的信息表征

采用长时重复启动范式进一步探讨言语理解中信息表征的方式.实验1探讨听力理解中的信息表征,学习阶段采用句子理解任务,测验阶段进行图片判断任务,结果发现匹配和不匹配的图片的反应时和正确率没有显著差异,学过和未学过的图片的反应时和正确率也没有显著差异,说明听力理解中的信息表征是命题符号表征,而非知觉符号表征.实验2探讨阅读理解中的信息表征,结果同实验1,说明阅读理解中的信息表征也是命题符号表征,而非知觉符号表征.实验3在学习阶段和测验阶段都采用句子理解任务,结果发现学过的句子的反应时快于未学过的句子的反应时,学过的句子的正确率高于未学过的句子的正确率,说明前两个实验中没有出现学习效应是因为两个阶段任务类型差异较大造成的.综合3个实验的结果,可以初步得出结论,排除策略影响后,言语理解中没有产生知觉符号表征,先前句图匹配范式下的知觉符号表征很可能是一种策略性的表征.     

Long-lasting effects of inescapable-predator stress on brain tryptophan metabolism and the behavior of juvenile mice

The kynurenine (KYN) pathway, which is initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, is the main tryptophan (TRP) metabolic pathway. It shares TRP with the serotonin (5-HT) pathway. We investigated the influence of inescapable-predator (rat) stress on behavior and brain TRP metabolism in mice. Male ICR mice (4W) were exposed to 20-min inescapable-predator stress. Behavior on an elevated plus-maze, and TRP, KYN, and 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nuclei were measured 1 and 4 weeks after stress exposure. Predator stress increased the number of open-arm entries (NOA) 4 weeks after stress exposure without altering the number of closed-arm entries (NCA). Thus, the open/closed-arm entry ratio (NOA/NCA) increased after stress exposure. Predator stress increased KYN levels in the prefrontal cortex (until 4 weeks after stress exposure) and dorsal raphe nuclei (for 1 week after stress exposure), decreased 5-HT levels in all brain regions (until 4 weeks after stress exposure). Thus, predator stress increased the KYN/5-HT ratio in all regions, in particular in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus until 4 weeks after stress exposure. Predator stress shifted the balance between the KYN and 5-HT pathways to the KYN pathway, and induced behavioral disinhibition.