马基雅维里的共和主义政治观

创建自由共和国是马基雅维里的终极理想.他的共和国所要遵循的政治原则是通过一系列共和主义核心语汇体现出来的,概而言之就是在国家层面上实行法的统治,在社会层面上弘扬公民美德.这两方面相辅相成,决定并维护着自由国家的性质.     

中学生心理素质的类别特征:基于个体中心的潜在类别分析

了解中学生心理素质的类别特征并考察其性别与学段特点。使用中学生心理素质问卷对全国1570名中学生被试施测,使用潜在类别分析方法对中学生的心理素质类别特征进行划分,使用无序多分变量的Logistic回归考察中学生心理素质的性别与学段特点。结果:依据潜在类别分析的统计指标,中学生心理素质可划分"高心理素质组"(15%)、"较高个性-适应性组"(21%)、"较低个性-适应性组"(33%)和"低心理素质组"(31%)。进一步的分析发现,与"低心理素质组"相比,其它三组有着显著的性别和学段效应,"高心理素质组"、"较高个性-适应性组"和"较低个性-适应性组"的女生所占比例更大;同时,在这三个组群中初中生所占的比例更高。表明,中学生的心理素质有明显分类特征,不同潜在类别中有显著的性别与学段特点。     

Lexical and sublexical cortical tuning for print revealed by Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) in early readers

There are multiple levels of processing relevant to reading that vary in their visual, sublexical, and lexical orthographic processing demands. Segregating distinct cortical sources for each of these levels has been challenging in EEG studies of early readers. To address this challenge, we applied recent advances in analyzing high-density EEG using Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) via data-driven Reliable Components Analysis (RCA) in a group of early readers spanning from kindergarten to second grade. Three controlled stimulus contrasts—familiar words versus unfamiliar pseudofonts, familiar words versus pseudowords, and pseudowords versus nonwords—were used to isolate coarse print tuning, lexical processing, and sublexical orthography-related processing, respectively. First, three overlapping yet distinct neural sources—left vOT, dorsal parietal, and primary visual cortex were revealed underlying coarse print tuning. Second, we segregated distinct cortical sources for the other two levels of processing: lexical fine tuning over occipito-temporal/parietal regions; sublexical orthographic fine tuning over left occipital regions. Finally, exploratory group analyses based on children's reading fluency suggested that coarse print tuning emerges early even in children with limited reading knowledge, while sublexical and higher-level lexical processing emerge only in children with sufficient reading knowledge.

Research Highlights

• Cognitive processes underlying coarse print tuning, sublexical, and lexical fine tuning were examined in beginning readers.
• Three overlapping yet distinct neural sources—left ventral occipito-temporal (vOT), left temporo-parietal, and primary visual cortex—were revealed underlying coarse print tuning.
• Responses to sublexical orthographic fine tuning were found over left occipital regions, while responses to higher-level linguistic fine tuning were found over occipito-temporal/parietal regions.
• Exploratory group analyses suggested that coarse print tuning emerges in children with limited reading knowledge, while sublexical and higher-level linguistic fine tuning effects emerge in children with sufficient reading knowledge.

     

老年人乐观、领悟社会支持与主观幸福感的关系—控制策略的中介作用

基于毕生控制理论，方便选取杭州市60~95岁的老年人320名，采用问卷法考察了老年人控制策略使用的现状和特点，并在控制了年龄、健康状况、日常活动数量后，探讨了老年人的乐观、领悟社会支持与主观幸福感的关系，以及控制策略的中介作用。结果发现：低龄的老年男性和女性更偏好选择初级和补偿初级策略，而高龄老年女性更偏好补偿初级策略；乐观和领悟社会支持不仅可以直接影响老年人的主观幸福感，还可以通过选择初级策略间接影响主观幸福感。初级控制在老年人中依然具有首要性地位，老年人的资源越丰富，越有可能采用积极的控制策略（选择初级），进而提高主观幸福感，实现成功老龄化。     

道与时间——以金岳霖《论道》为中心

金岳霖将"道"视作"时间"的根基与归宿,视"时间"为道演过程中出现的一种特定现象。他注重"时间"的"秩序"义,以个体的变动作为时间的实质,并以"运"与"命"作为个体"时间"的具体表现形态,同时考察了"时间"与"意味"之间的关系。金岳霖将"时间"概念主题化,对"时间"的理解与规定逻辑严密,又兼具中国情怀,这丰富与深化了20世纪中国哲学对"时间"问题的研究。     

谈孔、孟、荀对儒道用世的推动

儒家始创，理论难以施行。孔子弟子子路甚至感叹“道之不行，已知之矣”。然而儒家理论原本就有用世基因，经过孔子、孟子、苟子诸儒努力，基因密码出现打开之势，为今后儒道可行、遍行打下基础。本文探讨了儒道突破“不行”、走向可行所解决的问题，敬希对今人解决社会科学理论由书本进入实际操作有一定资鉴。     

自下而上注意的神经机制

由刺激驱动的注意选择即为自下而上注意,又称为瞬时注意或外源性注意。对其神经机制的研究可使我们更好地理解大脑如何产生意识。自下而上选择对注意的分配迅速且高效,但其神经基础一直存在争论。回顾了该研究领域的两大理论模型及其研究证据:基于显著性的注意模型和初级视皮层(V1)显著性模型。最后讨论了该领域未来的研究方向。