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中国现时的发展心理学——兼谈中国3—12岁儿童数概念和运算能力的发展 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
在这个讲演中简单介绍了我国发展心理学的情况和研究工作的几个主要方面,介绍了我国3—12岁儿童数概念和运算能力发展的研究,并从矛盾运动的观点结合研究结果讨论了儿童认知的发展,还提到了研究的协作方式。 相似文献
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Studies of children's developing social identification often focus on individual forms of identity. Yet, everyone has multiple potential identities. Here we investigated whether making children aware of their multifaceted identities—effectively seeing themselves from multiple angles—would promote their flexible thinking. In Experiment 1, 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children (N = 48) were assigned to either a Multiple‐Identities condition where they were led to consider their multiple identities (e.g. friend, neighbor) or to a Physical‐Traits condition where they considered their multiple physical attributes (e.g. legs, arms). Children in the Multiple‐Identity condition subsequently expressed greater flexibility at problem‐solving and categorization than children in the Physical‐Traits condition. Experiment 2 (N = 72) replicated these findings with a new sample of 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children and demonstrated that a Multiple‐Identity mindset must be self‐relevant. Children who were led to think about another child's multiple identities did not express as much subsequent creative thinking as did children who thought about their own multiple identities. Experiment 3 (N = 76) showed that a Mmultiple‐Identity framework may be particularly effective when the identities are presented via generic language suggesting that they are enduring traits (in this case, identities depicted as noun phrases rather than verbal phrases). These findings illustrate that something as simple as thinking about one's identity from multiple angles could serve as a tool to help reduce rigid thinking, which might increase open‐mindedness in a society that is becoming increasingly diverse. 相似文献
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认知重评作为高度适应性的情绪调节策略, 是否消耗随后任务所需的认知资源仍存在争议。以往研究把重评作为单一策略研究, 并未区分重评亚型对这一问题进行探索。本研究采用情绪调节与认知控制结合的任务, 考察自我关注和情境关注两种重评亚型调节情绪的效果, 以及对随后认知控制的影响是否存在差异。结果发现两种重评策略都能有效调节情绪, 但调节效果存在差异。从行为角度看, 与中性刺激相比, 负性刺激会引发更高的负性情绪水平, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更差。进一步从神经机制水平来看, 增加负性情绪可能会进一步消耗随后任务可用的认知资源, 与自我关注重评相比, 采用情境关注重评降低负性情绪后, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更强。说明两种重评亚型并不同质, 不仅在调节情绪的效果上存在差异, 而且会引发不同的认知控制后果; 同时, 负性情绪水平越高, 认知控制能力可能会越差。 相似文献
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采用G×E交互作用的研究范式,以295名学前儿童(M=4.49)和其母亲、父亲作为研究对象,探讨母亲和父亲的教养方式与MAOA基因rs6323多态性对学前儿童外化问题行为的影响。结果发现:母亲、父亲教养方式和MAOA基因多态性对学前儿童外化问题行为的影响存在性别差异,预测男孩外化问题行为时,母亲和父亲教养方式的主效应显著,与MAOA基因多态性的交互作用不显著;在预测女孩外化问题行为时,父亲教养方式的主效应显著,母亲教养方式与MAOA基因多态性的交互作用显著,显著性区域分析发现,携带T等位基因的女孩更容易受到母亲消极教养的不利影响而产生更多外化问题行为,也更容易受到其积极教养的有利影响而减少外化问题行为,这一结果支持差别易感性理论模型。 相似文献
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Rockhill CM Fan MY Katon WJ McCauley E Crick NR Pleck JH 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(3):429-441
This observational study supplements the strong and consistent link found between childhood depression and deficits in interpersonal
functioning by examining the relationship between a high versus low score on the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and
children’s emotions when interacting with their best friends. High-CDI and low-CDI target children (n=86) were paired for videotaped game-playing with self-reported best friends. Researchers found that although high-CDI target
children were not distinguishable from low-CDI peers in their displays of positive and negative emotion. However, the partners
of high-CDI target children displayed significantly more negative emotion during the competitive task and significantly less
positive emotion during the cooperative task than did partners of low-CDI target children. In addition, high-CDI target children
and their partners reported less enjoyment of their interactions than low-CDI target children and their partners. This combination
of findings suggests that depressive symptoms were associated with a relative lack of success achieving an optimal friendship
interaction even under highly favorable conditions. 相似文献
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信息显示板(IDB)实验在消费行为研究中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
信息显示板(Information Display Board, IDB)实验是一种过程跟踪技术,以m×n矩阵方式呈现信息阵列,通过观测被试信息检索和浏览的一系列行为,来研究被试问题解决和决策中的信息获得(information acquisition)过程。Mouselab是常用的IDB计算机化程序。消费者是有限理性的问题解决者,因此IDB实验被用于消费行为领域的研究。应用不同的IDB实验设置,研究者探索了消费决策中消费者信息获得的模式和影响因素。 相似文献