睾酮与人类攻击行为

睾酮是一种可以在男性的睾丸间质细胞、女性卵巢和胎盘的皮层细胞中合成并分泌的雄性激素, 它可以调节个体的各种生理、形态和行为过程, 对个体生存和繁殖至关重要。大量研究表明, 睾酮与社会行为的关联存在双向性, 睾酮可以调节社会行为, 社会行为可以反馈并进一步影响睾酮水平。我们将关注点聚焦于睾酮与人类攻击行为之间的关联。早期研究发现, 高睾酮水平个体表现出更高的攻击性; 近期的研究根据挑战假设理论模型和生物社会地位模型得出, 人体内的睾酮水平对竞争性相互作用具有高度反应性。此外, 通过对大量研究的回顾与分析, 我们总结出睾酮水平的变化可以通过增强杏仁核的反应性或减少前额叶皮质-杏仁核功能耦合来影响攻击行为。未来的研究者应考虑其他激素(如皮质醇)和人格特征调节睾酮和人类攻击行为之间关系的潜在作用, 以及相关的生物学机制。     

列维纳斯的“该隐问题”：谋杀的可能与不可能

从列维纳斯的伦理学出发,我们可以将该隐对亚伯的谋杀区分为两个层次。第一个层次是自然意义上的,此时,该隐对于亚伯的杀害是一起完全可能的自然事件;第二个层次是伦理意义上的,此时,谋杀变成了一起不再自然的伦理事件。主体正是在这一自然向伦理的转化过程中,在自然与伦理的纠缠中,将自己塑造为守护者、被选中者、亲近者,塑造为担负责任的那个"自我"。     

Patient and Family Descriptions of Ethical Concerns

Abstract

Ethically challenging situations routinely arise in the course of illness and healthcare. However, very few studies have surveyed patients and family members about their experiences with ethically challenging situations. To address this gap in the literature, we surveyed patients and family members at three hospitals. We conducted a content analysis of their responses to open-ended questions about their most memorable experience with an ethical concern for them or their family member. Participants (N?=?196) described 219 unique ethical experiences that spanned many of the prevailing themes of bioethics, including the patient-physician relationship, end-of-life care, decision-making capacity, healthcare costs, and genetic testing. Participants focused on relational issues in the course of experiencing illness and receiving medical care and concerns regarding the patient-physician encounters. Many concerns arose outside of a healthcare setting. These data indicate areas for improvement for healthcare providers but some concerns may be better addressed outside of the traditional healthcare setting.     

Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization

Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.

     

中小学生学业成绩主要影响因素的元分析

基于已有研究,将影响中小学生学业成绩的因素划分为个人因素(动机、自我效能感、成就目标定向)和社会环境因素(父母教养方式、师生关系、同伴关系),并使用多元整合元分析技术对相关文献进行了定性综述和定量分析。研究发现,进入多元整合元分析的六个因素都表现出与学业成绩具有中等程度的相关,其中动机和自我效能感与学业成绩的相关程度最高,父母教养方式与学业成绩的相关程度最低。这一结果表明,教育工作者应重视从学生的个人因素(动机、自我效能感)入手,激发学生对学习的积极准备状态,并重视学校人际关系(同伴关系、师生关系)对学生的影响。     

帛书《周易》以史解经刍议

1973年长沙马王堆出土的帛书《周易》中的《缪和》篇中,有六则以历史故事解说《易经》卦爻辞的例子。本文分析这六则历史故事用以解经的符合程度,以证明用历史故事解经并不始于南宋的杨万里等人,而四库馆臣所谓"一变而胡瑗、程子,始阐明儒理;再变而李光、杨万里,又参证史事,《易》遂日启其论端",并非历史事实。     

团体心理咨询改善教师情绪的实验研究

通过实验研究证明团体心理咨询在解决教师情绪问题和改善教师情绪状况方面具有重要作用.被试:河北省武安市26名小学教师.方法:采用实验组、控制组前后测设计.对实验组进行八次团体心理咨询,在干预后要求团体成员对干预活动及情绪状态的变化进行主观评价,并采用16PF问卷进行前后测,以C(稳定性)、I(敏感性)、O(忧虑性)、Q4(紧张性)四个人格维度作为情绪指标.结果:1.测验结果:实验组和对照组后测得分在敏感性、紧张性两个人格维度上差异显著,在忧虑性人格维度上临界显著.在稳定性、敏感性、忧虑性、紧张性四个人格因素上,实验组前后测结果差异显著.2.主观评价结果: 教师对团体游戏最感兴趣,对自我探索活动感受最深,从认知活动中获益最大.结论:1. 团体心理咨询对教师情绪干预有效;2.团体咨询中的认知学习是教师情绪改变的关键.     

情绪智力、组织公平和组织公民行为关系的研究

本研究采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法检验了组织中个体情绪智力、组织公平与组织公民行为的关系.通过情绪智力量表、组织公平感量表、中国组织公民行为量表对企业中288个样本进行结构化问卷调查,结果表明:组织公平感与组织公民行为有显著的正相关;情绪智力与组织公民行为有显著的正相关;情绪智力对组织公平感和组织公民行为的关系起到一定程度的缓冲作用.     

学习不良儿童归因特点的研究

考察学习不良儿童归因的特点。被试为小学3～5年级83名儿童。结果发现：对消极事件的归因上,学习不良儿童显著高于一般儿童,年级差异显著,四年级得分显著高于三年级;在消极事件各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童在稳定性维度上差异显著,内部性和普遍性维度的年级差异显著,四年级显著高于三年级。对积极事件的归因上,一般儿童显著高于学习不良儿童;在积极事件各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童在稳定性上差异显著,一般儿童高于学习不良儿童,年级差异显著,三年级显著高于五年级。     

摹略万物之然,论求群言之比--模态逻辑新观念述评

模态逻辑是一个多方面的学科,它起初在哲学中得名,在很长一段时间中作为"必然和可能的逻辑"而被人所知.但是,把模态逻辑视为关于"可能"和"必然"的逻辑至少在20世纪60年代末就已经过时."模态语言是研究关系结构的一种简单但富于表达力的语言"、"模态语言为关系结构提供一种内部的、局部的视角"、"模态语言不是孤立的形式系统",这就是关于模态逻辑的新观点(这种观点有时称为"阿姆斯特丹观点").新观点不再把模态逻辑视为任意种类的形而上学系统,而是作为研究行为、知识以及我们周围任何其他具有良好结构的具体事物的逻辑形式系统.