上善若水——任法融大师印象

老子说:“上善若水。水善利万物而不争,居众人之所恶,故几于道。居善地,心善渊,予善天,言善信,政善治,事善能,动善时。夫唯不争,故无尤。”(《道德经》第八章)从我多年与任法融大师的交往观察中,发现大师的言行,深得老子思想之精髓。仅以他助学扶贫的善举一端,即可看出一个宗教     

现场实验的内部和外部效度——兼与实验室实验的效度比较

区分了现场实验、实验室实验和准实验的不同,介绍现场实验的方式和特点,分析比较了现场实验和实验室实验的内部和外部效度,指出如何权衡两种效度,选择适当的研究方式.     

童年中期不同水平的同伴交往变量与孤独感的关系

以430名小学四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了儿童社会行为、同伴关系、社交自我知觉与孤独感的关系.结果表明,社会行为通过同伴关系、社交自我知觉的多重中介作用对孤独感产生影响,不存在直接效应;社会喜好只通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与孤独感产生联系,也不存在直接效应,而友谊质量与孤独感既存在中介的联系,也存在直接的联系.同伴交往四个水平的变量中,社交自我知觉对孤独感具有最大的预测力,其次分别为友谊质量、社会行为和社会喜好.     

汉语儿童英语语音特征内隐与外显学习的比较研究

实验选取64个英文单词为实验材料,以不同的分类方式为自变量．探讨在给予高强度练习和准确反馈的前提下．汉语儿童完成同时具有显著性特征(字母组合)维度和非显著性特征(发音)维度的英语语音分类任务时,内隐学习和外显学习各自的特点,发现(1)在及时分类条件下,有显著的内隐学习效应;(2)外显学习的抗干扰性弱,内隐学习的抗干扰性强．而且内隐学习所获得的知识具有稳固性;(3)及时分类有利于内隐学习,延时分类有利于外显学习。     

不同戒断期海洛因戒断者情绪加工的损伤和恢复

成瘾过程伴随着一系列心理和脑机能的改变.已有研究表明,海洛因成瘾者存在对情绪刺激的加工缺陷.这些认知变化被认为与成瘾者脑内“奖赏系统”功能紊乱有关,但这种认知功能缺陷是否随着戒断进行而有所恢复还未得到明确结论.该研究采用ERP技术,记录了控制组、短期戒断组、中期戒断组和长期戒断组被试在情绪刺激加工过程中的神经电活动.结果发现,与中性刺激相比,长期组与控制组一致,正、负性刺激诱发被试更大的P300和SPW平均波幅,两类情绪刺激诱发的SPW波幅差异不显著;中期组被试的正性和负性刺激诱发的P300和SPW波幅都显著大于中性刺激,且负性刺激诱发的两成分的波幅显著大于正性刺激;短期组被试的负性刺激引起的P300和SPW波幅显著大于中性和正性刺激,但是正性和中性刺激诱发的P300或SPW波幅之间差异不显著.结果表明,随着戒断进行,海洛因戒断者情绪加工能力有所改善,主要表现在对正性情绪刺激加工能力的恢复.     

An Investigation of Entrepreneurs' Venture Persistence Decision: The Contingency Effect of Psychological Ownership and Adversity

We incorporate psychological ownership theory and adversity literature to examine the joint effect of psychological ownership and adversity on entrepreneurs' persistence decision. The results of two experiments and one survey show that both low adversity and high psychological ownership for the venture increase entrepreneurs' likelihood of persistence. We also identify the moderating effect of adversity. Psychological ownership is more relevant to the likelihood of persistence when adversity is high than when it is low. Our research contributes to psychological ownership theory and the entrepreneurial persistence literature and has practical implications for entrepreneurs.     

Directing idea generation using brainstorming with specific novelty goals

In a field experiment with students, we show that a specific, difficult novelty goal, whether presented alone or in conjunction with brainstorming rules, improves novelty and creativity in individuals’ idea generation relative to brainstorming rules alone when goal commitment is high. Because creativity is often correlated with idea quantity in brainstorming studies, we controlled for idea quantity in order to demonstrate that the improvement is not due to changes in the number of ideas generated. These findings suggest that specific, difficult goals beyond quantity can improve idea generation. We also separately measured practicality and effectiveness of participants’ ideas. The results of these analyses suggest that goal commitment might be an important determinant of usefulness, and deserves additional attention in studies of idea generation.     

面孔识别的眼动研究

采用眼动记录法探讨面孔识别的加工过程。在实验一中,通过记录被试识别面孔图片和非面孔图片时的即时加工过程,考查被试在知觉面孔与一般物体时的眼动差异。在实验二中,考察被试在知觉熟悉面孔与陌生面孔时的眼动差异与时间进程的差异。结果表明:(1)个体在加工面孔时倾向于首先在双眼间平移而后向嘴巴运动,完成面孔识别,而在识别物体图片时则没有固定的运动轨迹。(2)在知觉熟悉面孔时被试倾向于只注视眼睛,而在知觉陌生面孔图片时则与实验一的面孔图片眼动轨迹相似。     

男性罪犯人格和抑郁的关系研究

该研究采用问卷法{中国罪犯个性分测验量表（COPA—PI）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）},对在押的200名男性犯人的人格和抑郁的关系进行研究,结果发现：1）人格和抑郁之间存在着显著相关关系。2）混合型罪犯在人格因子“同情”上的得分显著低于暴力型罪犯,在“暴力倾向”上的得分显著高于财产型罪犯,在“变态心理”和抑郁上的得分显著高于财产型和暴力型罪犯。3）有前科罪犯的抑郁分数显著高于无前科罪犯。4）“焦虑”、“聪敏”、“波动”、“同情”四个人格因子对罪犯的抑郁情绪有显著预测力。为罪犯矫治工作提供了科学的理论依据和指导。     

Dissociable effects of fear and disgust in proactive and reactive inhibition

Numerous studies have demonstrated that negative emotional distracters impair inhibitory control. Nevertheless, two issues have emerged in prior studies. First, fear and disgust were inappropriately treated as a single category, which is particularly concerning given that they have been recently demonstrated to exert different impacts on inhibitory control. Second, inhibitory control might not be a unitary construct, as it can be further divided into proactive and reactive inhibition. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether fearful and disgusting distracters have differential effects on proactive and reactive inhibition. Twenty-four female participants were instructed to perform a modified stop-signal task superimposed on a fearful, disgusting, or neutral image cue. Results showed that fearful distracters improved reactive inhibition when compared to disgusting and neutral distracters, while disgusting distracters enhanced proactive inhibition when compared to fearful distracters. Further, reactive and proactive inhibition was positively correlated under fearful, disgusting, and neutral contexts. This study is the first to provide evidence that fear and disgust may affect proactive and reactive inhibition differently. These results add to a growing literature linking emotion and inhibitory control, and they expand our understanding of the relationship between emotion and inhibition.