Defensive pessimism and precautionary action during the COVID pandemic

The purpose of this research was to test, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the hypothesis that individuals who use defensive pessimism as a strategy to manage anxiety are likely to act to prevent or mitigate negative outcomes. Across three crowd-sourced samples (Total N = 1416), defensive pessimism was correlated with self-reports of more precautionary behavior (Studies 1, 2, & 3) and fewer COVID-positive results (Study 3).     

Testing indirect effect with a complete or incomplete dichotomous mediator

Past methodological research on mediation analysis mainly focused on situations where all variables were complete and continuous. When issues of categorical data occur combined with missing data, more methodological considerations are involved. Specifically, appropriate decisions need to be made on estimation methods of the indirect effects and on confidence intervals for testing the indirect effects with accommodations of missing data. We compare strategies that address these issues based on a model with a dichotomous mediator, aiming to provide guidelines for researchers facing such challenges in practice.     

幼儿空间表征的初步实验研究

本实验分别从运动、照片和“地图”方面对4岁、5岁和6岁儿童在真实空间中的心理旋转及对参照信息的使用等空间表征的发展作了初步考察,结果发现,(1)运动部分客体定位最容易,“地图”部分其次,照片部分最难,(2)心理旋转能力在不同的实验方式下有不同的表现;(3)儿童的自我中心性反应也是相对的,并不一律依存于儿童的年龄,还与客观标记的作用有关。     

国内十个地区7—12岁儿童数学概念和运算能力发展的初步研究

本文综合了对我国十个地区959名7—12岁儿童的协作研究结果。探讨了儿童在认数、数序和系列、数的组成、运算和应用等四个方面的发展情况,并对儿童数学概念和运算能力发展中知识学习与数概念发展的关系、发展的过程、环境的影响、发展的阶段性等方面进行了讨论,也谈到了协作方法问题。     

五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究

本研究是在北京城区六个日托幼儿园所作的关于5至7岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征差异的比较研究。被试有138名独生子女和127名非独生子女,其中男孩120名、女孩145名。观察了五类行为:独立性、助人行为、依赖性、攻击行为和友好行为,这五类行为共有16个观察项目。在所有三个年龄组,非独生子女在依赖性,助人行为和攻击行为等方面的平均得分总的来说略高于独生子女,但是没有统计学上显著差异。只有五岁组在独立性方面独生和非独生子女之间的差异达到显著性水平(P<0.005)。对被试家长问卷的分析也表明,独生子女与非独生子女之间在大多数项目和年龄组都没有显著差别。只有独立性这一方面在五岁组差异是显著的。我们还比较了性别差异,在所观察的五类行为中除了助人行为之外,在依赖性、独立性、攻击性行为和友好行为等方面都存在显著的性别差异。在友好行为方面女孩比男孩表现好,而男孩比女孩更富有攻击性。     

A method of score conversion through item statistics

A method is presented for converting the scores on one form of a test to those on another form of the same test. The method is particularly applicable to the case where each form has been administered to a different group and the only link between the two forms is a subset of items common to both. The proposed method, called theitem method of conversion, has been applied to several tests for which other methods of conversion are available for comparison. The necessary data are limited to tests for which the total score is the criterion for item analyses. The method gives highly satisfactory results for all the tests to which it has been applied, particularly when the two groups are rather different, in which case the delta method (a different item method) is inappropriate.The authors are only two of a group, including W. H. Angoff, F. M. Lord, and M. K. Schultz, all of whom have made important contributions to this paper.     

我国超常儿童研究的进展及其问题

作者在回顾了我国超常儿童研究领域近２０年来的进展,总结了该领域的主要成绩,特别是方法上所取得的成绩的基础上,指出了当前尚存在的若干问题,这些问题的提出可能对今后该领域的研究有一定的目标。     

The sensory match effect in recognition memory: Perceptual fluency or episodic trace?

The sensory match effect in recognition memory refers to the finding that recognition is better when the sensory form in which an item is tested is the same as that in which it was studied. This paper examines the basis for the sensory match effect by manipulating whether a studied fragmented picture is tested with the same or a complementary set of fragments in a recognition memory test (Experiment 1) and in a fragment-identification test (Experiment 2). Assuming that fragment identification is a direct measure of perceptual fluency, we expected identical patterns of results across the two tests if perceptual fluency accounted for the sensory match effect in recognition memory. Instead, recognition memory showed a robust overall sensory match effect (the same fragmented image was recognized better than the complementary image), whereas fragment identification showed no overall sensory match effect (the same fragmented image was identified no better than the complementary fragmented image). Experiments 3 and 4 combined the two responses and showed that the basis for the sensory match effect in recognition memory was a subject’s ability to recognize the matching fragments in the absence of conceptual information (when the test stimulus could not be identified), supporting the idea that the episodic trace of the sensory code is responsible for the sensory match effect in recognition memory. Experiment 5 demonstrated that subjects are able to use this sensory code as the sole basis for recognition memory.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的行为特征研究

使用修订行为特征问卷调查了１１２名Ⅱ型糖尿病患者和１４７名健康对照组。结果表明： １．男性患者比健康人更加抑郁;２．女性患者比健康人更加焦虑、抑郁和愤怒;３．不论是男性 还是女性,此问卷可显著地区分这两组,越抑郁的人,越不焦虑的人,越缺少合理化这种心理 防御机制的人,越可能是糖尿病患者。结合其它的研究结果,认为存在着Ⅱ型糖尿病易感性 行为特征,主要表现为：高抑郁;低焦虑;对应激的唤醒水平低;不善于使用心理防御机制来 保护和伪装自己;寻找一些有趣的事情：回避痛苦事件;不善于延迟的满足,要求马上得到满 足;注意易分散等。