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551.
Louise Cossette Andrée Pomerleau Gérard Malcuit Janusz Kaczorowski 《Sex roles》1996,35(11-12):693-709
While observational studies of the emotional expressions of women and men have revealed several consistent patterns of gender differences, data pertaining to the emotional expressions of male and female infants are largely inconsistent. Attempting to trace the course of early emotional development in female and male infants, we undertook to compare the emotional expressions of boys and girls at 2 1/2 and 5 months of age in a variety of situations. All infants who participated in the study were from French-speaking Caucasian families of low and middle class. At each age level, infants were observed in a social and nonsocial situation. The social situation began with a mother—infant interaction, followed by a period during which the mother remained silent and still-faced. In the nonsocial situation, a mobile was presented and then removed. Infants' facial expressions were coded using the AFFEX system. Direction of gaze was also coded. Overall, boys' and girls' reactions were quite similar. At both ages, male and female infants spent more time looking at the toy than at their mother and showed more expressions of interest toward the toy. They also smiled more while interacting with their mother and displayed more negative expressions when facing their still-faced mother. One gender difference was found: At 2 1/2 months, girls smiled more than boys while interacting with their mother. Several explanations are proposed to account for these findings. 相似文献
552.
Debra M. Kamps Betsy R. Leonard Sue Vernon Erin P. Dugan Joseph C. Delquadri Beth Gershon Linda Wade Louise Folk 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1992,25(2):281-288
We investigated the use of social skills groups to facilitate increased social interactions for students with autism and their nonhandicapped peers in an integrated first-grade classroom. Social skills groups consisted of training students and peers in initiating, responding, and keeping interactions going; greeting others and conversing on a variety of topics; giving and accepting compliments; taking turns and sharing; asking for help and helping others; and including others in activities. Training occurred during the first 10 min of 20-min play groups, four times per week. Using a multiple baseline across subjects design, results demonstrated increases in the frequency of, time engaged in, and duration of social interactions, as well as the responsivity of students and peers to each other. Results were maintained when students were monitored and given feedback on social performance in play groups and during follow-up. 相似文献
553.
554.
Louise M. Soares Sandra Kidd Prestridge Anthony T. Soares 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1992,11(1):59-68
Much of the methodology in stress research focuses on stress manifestation and organismic reactions to life’s crises. In contrast,
the present study sought to identify the major sources of stress and the nature of those sources. The results revealed a consistent
pattern in high and low stressors throughout the 3-year period of the study, and differences only of intensity between males
and females, not type of stress. Except for individuals’ temporal variations in critical events, the highest stressors for
the groups were external, primarily financial and time management. Internal sources, such as personal relationships and self-absorption,
were typically the lowest concerns. Everyday problems arising from current life styles seem to be significant sources of stress. 相似文献
555.
Dans cette étude, nous avons décrit la relation existante entre le stress parental des mères vivant avec ou sans conjoint et le niveau d'agressivité de l'enfant vis-à-vis de ses pairs. De plus, nous avons observé les comportements des mères en situation de jeu avec leur enfant. Notre échantillon se compose de 32 mères monoparentales et de 43 mères biparentales ayant des enfants de trois ou quatre ans évalués au QECP comme étant agressifs (n = 47) et non-agressifs (n = 28). Nos résultats démontrent: (1) le niveau de stress parental est similaire pour les mères monoparentales et biparentales, sauf si l'enfant est agressif; (2) en contrôlant statistiquement le revenu financier, il existe un lien très clair entre le stress des mères monoparentales et l'agressivité de l'enfant en garderie; (3) le niveau de scolarisation de la mère est la variable la plus reliée au stress maternel; (4) l'agressivité de l'enfant est reliée au faible revenu financier des mères; plus les mères sont pauvres, plus l'enfant est agressif; (5) en situation de jeu avec l'enfant, les mères monoparentales sont plus contrôlantes et moins positives que les mères biparentales, et le négativisme de l'enfant augmente avec le niveau de stress de la mère. 相似文献
556.
Stephen G. West Irwin Sandler David R. Pillow Louise Baca Joanne C. Gersten 《American journal of community psychology》1991,19(4):459-480
Describes a generative study of processes which may lead to symptomatology in children who have experienced the death of a parent. Based on existing literature, four putative mediating variables were identified: parental demoralization, family warmth, negative family events, and positive stable family events. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to compare several potential causal models involving these variables. The results were most consistent with a model in which bereavement was not directly related to the child symptomatology, but rather its effects were transmitted through these four mediational mechanisms. The implications of the results of the structural modeling for the design and evaluation of preventive interventions are discussed briefly. 相似文献
557.
Theresa M Glomb Wendy L Richman Charles L Hulin Fritz Drasgow Kimberly T Schneider Louise F Fitzgerald 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1997,71(3):309-328
Research on sexual harassment as a prevalent job stressor has focused primarily on outcomes for the direct targets of harassment; the antecedents and consequences ofindirectexposure to sexual harassment have not been explored. Ambient Sexual Harassment is proposed as an assessment of indirect exposure to sexual harassment. Ambient Sexual Harassment is defined as the general or ambient level of sexual harassment in a work group as measured by the frequency of sexually harassing behaviors experienced by others in a woman's work group. The integration of Ambient Sexual Harassment into the model of sexual harassment developed by Fitzgerald, Drasgow, Hulin, Gelfand, and Magley (1997) proposes that indirect exposure to sexual harassment will have similar antecedents and job-related, psychological, and health outcomes as direct exposure. An empirical test of the model, using samples of female employees from a public utility company (N= 455) and a food processing plant (N= 194), generally supports predictions. 相似文献
558.
559.
Ross Vasta Donna E. Andrews Ann Marie McLaughlin Louise A. Stirpe Connie Comfort 《Journal of School Psychology》1978,16(2):161-166
The potential undermining effects of a reinforcement program were examined in two studies with kindergarten-first grade children. The procedures were designed to provide an analog to typical classroom incentive programs. In one study, the subjects' initial interest in the target activity (coloring) was low, whereas in the other study it was reasonably high. In neither case was an undermining effect evident in follow-up observations. 相似文献
560.