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12.
Several factors related to fetal risk render it more or less acceptable in justifying constraints on the behavior of pregnant women. Risk is an unavoidable part of pregnancy and childbirth, one that women must balance against other vital personal and family interests. Two particular issues relate to the fairness of claims that pregnant women are never entitled to put their fetuses at risk: relative risks and relatives' risks. The former have been used—often spuriously—to advance arguments against activities, such as home birth, that may incur risk; the latter implicate the nature of relationships in determining the acceptability of coercing or precluding activities. Motivated reasoning by clinicians and judges leads to inaccurate risk assessments, and judgments based on false claims to objectivity. Such judgments undermine the moral and legal standing of pregnant women and do not advance the interests of fetuses, pregnant women, families, or states. 相似文献
13.
Arn J. Schilder Treena R. Orchard Christopher S. Buchner Steffanie A. Strathdee Robert S. Hogg 《Sexuality & culture》2010,14(4):327-343
Douching is a common practice among certain groups of women and MSM, and it is conducted for the purpose of cleanliness as
part of bodily hygiene maintenance. Although there has been considerable research about female vaginal douching, understandings
of rectal douching (RD) for MSM are limited. In the epidemiological and medical literature, RD is presented as a behaviour
that removes beneficial bacteria and the surface epithelium layer of the colon, which can, potentially, increase the risk
of HIV transmission in MSM. The paucity of research on male douching practices is curious given the primacy of anal sex in
HIV prevention initiatives and the widespread nature of rectal douching among this population. This paper provides preliminary
data on RD and is intended to engender a dialogue about male douching and the need for additional research into the cultural
construction of the body among MSM, namely with respect to the anus. Findings were derived from qualitative interviews with
12 young HIV-positive men who had recently become HIV-infected and 12 HIV-negative age-matched counterparts who were participating
in a prospective cohort study. Beliefs about RD differed according to HIV serostatus; HIV-positive men discussed the practice
much more openly than their counterparts did. Pre-coital RD is an embedded behaviour about which very little is known. However,
it is a critical issue to include in the development of effective HIV prevention strategies and warrants an acknowledgement
of importance of the anus in the lives, sexual practices, and identities among MSM. 相似文献
14.
This study compares the behaviour of the mule (Equus asinus × Equus caballus) with that of its parent species to assess the effects of hybridization on cognition. Six mules, six ponies (E. caballus) and six donkeys (E. asinus) were given a two choice visual discrimination learning task. Each session consisted of 12 trials and pass level was reached
when subjects chose the correct stimulus for at least 9 out of the 12 trials in three consecutive sessions. A record was made
of how many pairs each subject learnt over 25 sessions. The mules’ performance was significantly better than that of either
of the parent species (Kruskal-Wallis: Hx = 8.11, P = 0.017). They were also the only group to learn enough pairs to be able to show a successive reduction in the number of
sessions required to reach criterion level. This study provides the first empirical evidence that the improved characteristics
of mules may be extended from physical attributes to cognitive function. 相似文献
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16.
The replication of intergenerational patterns is considered here within the supervisor-family therapist-and family system, and the proposal of integrating a family of origin approach into the training of supervisors is presented. To become aware of the relation of one's own family of origin issues and their potential impact within the supervision and treatment can effectively improve intervention approaches, benefitting the supervisor, the therapist and the family in treatment. Being considerate of the training needs and levels of supervisors is an important component when integrating family of origin work into the training. 相似文献
17.
Blinks as an index of cognitive activity during reading 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Horizontal and vertical EOG recordings of eye movements were analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of blinks and the patterns of eye movements (saccades and fixation pauses) exhibited by six subjects during the reading of stories presented in two formats (on paper and on a VDT). The frequency and placement of blinks was not affected by the presentation condition. Blinks were determined to be non-randomly distributed during reading. Significantly more blinks (36%) occurred in conjunction with saccades than the proportion of time consumed by saccades (12%) would predict. Significantly more blinks (36%) occurred in the vicinity of line change saccades, which accounts for 15% of reading time, and with fixation pauses associated with regressions (42%), which accounts for 26% of reading time, than with fixation pauses during normal reading (22%), which accounts for 60% of reading time. The results of the study suggest that blink behavior during reading is under perceptual and cognitive control. 相似文献
18.
The authors reviewed the evidential basis of three environmental approaches to reducing population obesity: What are the effects of (a) taxing or subsidizing foods, (b) manipulating the ease of food access, and (c) restricting access to certain foods? A narrative review evaluated evidence using National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria. There was strong evidence that subsidization influences food purchases, but not necessarily food consumption or body weight. Ease of food access may influence food purchases, and possibly food intake and body weight. Data on restriction were lacking. More studies are needed to justify that altering these macro-environmental variables will necessarily reduce population obesity. A proposed conceptual model posits that the steps through environmental interventions may exert intended and unintended influences on body weight and obesity prevalence. Contemplated policy changes should weigh scientific evidence with social judgments and values concerning changes to the environment. 相似文献
19.
Updegraff JA Sherman DK Luyster FS Mann TL 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(2):249-257
Recent research has documented the effectiveness of tailoring health behavior change messages to characteristics of the recipients, but little is known about the processes underlying these effects. Drawing from the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986), we examined the role of message scrutiny in moderating the congruency effect (Mann, Sherman, & Updegraff, 2004). One hundred and thirty-six undergraduate participants read either a strong or weak message promoting regular dental flossing with a frame (gain vs. loss) that either matched or mismatched their motivational orientation (approach vs. avoidance). Results showed that participants were sensitive to argument quality in the matched but not mismatched conditions. Further, argument quality moderated the effect of congruency on participants’ attitudes and perceived norms regarding flossing, as well as their subsequent self-reported flossing behavior. Results suggest that increased message scrutiny underlies message tailoring effects. 相似文献
20.