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181.
182.
Elizabeth J. Meinz David Z. Hambrick Carlee Beth Hawkins Alison K. Gillings Brett E. Meyer Joshua L. Schneider 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2012,1(1):34-40
Domain knowledge is a powerful predictor of success in many complex tasks, but do general cognitive abilities also play a role? To investigate this question, we had 155 participants representing a wide range of poker experience and skill complete tests of poker knowledge, working memory capacity (WMC), and two components of skill in Texas Hold’Em poker: the ability to remember hands and the ability to evaluate hands. Not surprisingly, poker knowledge positively predicted performance in all of the Hold’Em tasks. However, WMC added significantly to the prediction, and there was no evidence for interactions between poker knowledge and WMC. That is, WMC was as important as a predictor of performance at high levels of poker knowledge as at low levels, suggesting that domain knowledge may not always enable circumvention of WMC in domain-relevant tasks. 相似文献
183.
Three experiments examined the hypothesis that, in the aftermath of a performance event, upward counterfactuals reinforce feelings of self-efficacy toward similar future events, whereas downward counterfactuals decrease feelings of self-efficacy. Using a scenario methodology, the first two experiments confirmed this hypothesis: upward counterfactual thinking enhanced feelings of self-efficacy relative to downward counterfactual thinking. In a third experiment, conducted in a more real-world context, upward counterfactuals again led to greater feelings of self-efficacy than downward counterfactuals. However, there were important limiting conditions: the effect of counterfactual thinking on self-efficacy was more or less pronounced depending on both situational and dispositional factors. Whereas the pattern of results provided little support for a self-protection explanation for these limiting conditions, the results were consistent with a depth of processing explanation. 相似文献
184.
Alexander J. Kirkham 《Visual cognition》2013,21(8):1043-1060
ABSTRACTIn spatial compatibility tasks, when the spatial location of a stimulus is irrelevant it nevertheless interferes when a response is required in a different spatial location. For example, response with a left key-press is slowed when the stimulus is presented to the right as compared to the left side of a computer screen. However, in some conditions this interference effect is not detected in reaction time (RT) measures. It is typically assumed that the lack of effect means the irrelevant spatial code was not analysed or that the information rapidly decayed before response. However, we show that even in conditions where there appears to be no spatial interference when measuring RTs, effects can nevertheless be detected after response when recording facial electromyography responses. This dissociation between two measures highlights the importance of diverging methods to investigate visuomotor processes as conclusions based on only one measure can be misleading. 相似文献
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186.
The psychophysical methods of the theory of signal detectability were applied to the measurement of kinesthetic recognition sensitivity. Subjects (n = 12) were tested on a kinesthetic discrimination apparatus, and were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions. Each subject operated under five response criteria which were imposed through a priori probabilities of high and low kinesthetic stimuli. The fundamental assumptions of the theory of signal detectability were tested and the basic premises of normality and equality of variance observed in most cases. A subproblem investigated the relationship between kinesthetic recognition sensitivity and the two independent variables of direction and extent of forearm movement, but no relationship was observed. This study was conducted at Kansas State University under the direction of Richard H. Cox with technical assistance from Harold L. Hawkins. The study was funded by a Faculty Research Grant awarded by Kansas State University. 相似文献
187.
M. Lee Van Horn Abigail A. Fagan Thomas Jaki Eric C. Brown J. David Hawkins Michael W. Arthur 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(2):289-326
There is evidence to suggest that the effects of behavioral interventions may be limited to specific types of individuals, but methods for evaluating such outcomes have not been fully developed. This study proposes the use of finite mixture models to evaluate whether interventions, and, specifically, group randomized trials, impact participants with certain characteristics or levels of problem behaviors. This study uses latent classes defined by clustering of individuals based on the targeted behaviors and illustrates the model by testing whether a preventive intervention aimed at reducing problem behaviors affects experimental users of illicit substances differently than problematic substance users or those individuals engaged in more serious problem behaviors. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the identification of latent classes, specification of random effects in a multilevel mixture model, independent validation of latent classes, and the estimation of power for the proposed models to detect intervention effects. This study proposes specific steps for the estimation of multilevel mixture models and their power and suggests that this model can be applied more broadly to understand the effectiveness of interventions. 相似文献
188.
Darnell F. Hawkins 《Deviant behavior》2013,34(3):207-230
This paper analyzes survey respondent's perceptions of the causes and prescribed punishment for crimes described in 25 vignettes. Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, chiefly race, affect the perceived cause, whether personal or environmental. Perceived cause in turn affects severity of punishment, with heavier punishment for crimes attributed to personal traits. 相似文献
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190.
Janice M Birk Mary Faith Tanney Jacqueline F Cooper 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1979,15(2):247-257
In this paper two studies are described which examine racial and sex role stereotyping in career information illustrations. In Study 1 over 2000 illustrations, from sources including the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) and The Encyclopedia of Careers, were analyzed according to seven dimensions. In Study 2 a follow-up analysis was done comparing illustrations in the original OOH with a revised edition. Findings are discussed from the perspective of practical implications for vocational counselors. 相似文献