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851.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Hans-Ludwig Kr?ber 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(4):234-243
When dealing with ?old cases?? of preventive detention as well as retrospectively ordered preventive detention, a continuation of confinement should be possible if the offender involved suffers from a ??mental disorder?? which constitutes the danger of future serious violent or sexual crimes. In this psychiatric article it will be explained that the terms ??mental illness?? and also ??mental disorder?? must retain an empirical scientifically definable psychiatric content in order not to instigate deception. They must also be functionally defined in each judicial environment (police law, social law, civil law and criminal law) with respect to the capabilities of the individual which are impaired by the mental disorder. Such an approach could prevent a misuse of psychiatry for purely political security purposes. 相似文献
852.
Stefan H?fer Nicole Pfaffenberger Daniela Renn Marion Platter Lena Ring 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(1):81-90
To explore potential response shift effects with different quality of life (QoL) instruments in cardiac patients undergoing
coronary intervention. Study Design and Setting: Recalibration was assessed with the disease specific health-related quality
of life (HRQL) instrument MacNew in combination with a then-test approach. Reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were assessed
with the individualised QoL instrument SEIQoL-DW. Significant treatment effects were seen on the MacNew (global Δ: 0.6 ± 1.1,
p = 0.004) but not on the SEIQoL-DW (Δ: 3.3 ± 16, p = 0.37) 6 months after coronary intervention. No recalibration effect was found on the MacNew then-test, while with the SEIQOL-DW
potential response shift effects of reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were seen. For the first time response shift
effects were explored in cardiac patients undergoing coronary intervention. This study confirmed that there is a clinically
significant improvement in disease specific HRQL over time following successful coronary interventions. However, no treatment
effect was seen for individualised QoL with the SEIQoL-DW. This might be due to reconceptualisation and reprioritisation response
effects. Future studies need to focus on exploring response shift effects, and the interrelationship between its different
components, captured by different patient reported outcome instruments in larger patient groups undergoing coronary interventions. 相似文献
853.
Informed by the practice of code-switching or style-switching in linguistics, “bilingual therapeutics” is proposed as the
complementary integration of two evidence-based practices in psychotherapy: motivational interviewing (MI) and dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT). Unique features of MI and DBT are presented, current research of each practice is reviewed, and their
similarities and distinctions are discussed. It is proposed that fluency in both “languages” of MI and DBT may usher in a
new therapeutic perspective to enhance client case conceptualization, illuminate subtleties of the therapeutic process, and
foster more intentional and deliberate practitioners. Specifically, MI and DBT code-switching may help recruit and retain
clients in formal treatment (e.g.,”speaking” MI more prominently to prepare clients for 12-month standard DBT) and promote
consultation among therapists. The complementary integration of MI and DBT also suggests the emergence of a linguistic “third
space,” including “spirit as synthesis” and “improvisational dance.” 相似文献
854.
Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental
illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development. This article therefore focuses
on mental illness as well as on three core components of positive mental health: feelings of happiness and satisfaction with
life (emotional well-being), positive individual functioning in terms of self-realization (psychological well-being), and
positive societal functioning in terms of being of social value (social well-being). The two continua model holds that mental
illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions. This model was studied on the basis of a cross-sectional representative
internet survey of Dutch adults (N = 1,340; 18–87 years). Mental illness was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and mental health with the Mental Health
Continuum Short Form. It was found that older adults, except for the oldest-old, scored lower on psychopathological symptoms
and were less likely to be mentally ill than younger adults. Although there were fewer age differences for mental health,
older adults experienced more emotional, similar social and slightly lower psychological well-being. In sum, today’s older
adults have fewer mental illness problems, but they are not in a better positive mental health than today’s younger adults.
These findings support the validity of the two continua model in adult development. 相似文献
855.
856.
Cognitive functions like perception, memory, language, or consciousness are based on highly parallel and distributed information processing by the brain. One of the major unresolved questions is how information can be integrated and how coherent representational states can be established in the distributed neuronal systems subserving these functions. It has been suggested that this so-called "binding problem" may be solved in the temporal domain. The hypothesis is that synchronization of neuronal discharges can serve for the integration of distributed neurons into cell assemblies and that this process may underlie the selection of perceptually and behaviorally relevant information. As we intend to show here, this temporal binding hypothesis has implications for the search of the neural correlate of consciousness. We review experimental results, mainly obtained in the visual system, which support the notion of temporal binding. In particular, we discuss recent experiments on the neural mechanisms of binocular rivalry which suggest that appropriate synchronization among cortical neurons may be one of the necessary conditions for the buildup of perceptual states and awareness of sensory stimuli. 相似文献
857.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
Bernd BuldtEmail: |
Benedikt L?we (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas MüllerEmail: |
858.
German dialect geography developed, inter alia, as a means to compensate the shortcomings of the Young Grammarians’ approach
to language. In contrast to the latter, it was conceived of to be a sociolinguistic project, constituting thereby one link
between the development of Soviet and German linguistics. The article tries to answer such questions as who initially participated
in transferring ideas of German dialectology to the Soviet Union and what kind of motivations underlay those transfers. Combining
biographical facts with systematic aspects, the article surveys the filiations of some productive ideas with the help of archival
sources, i.e. letters of the Soviet scholars Dinges (1891–1932) and Viktor Žirmunskij (1891–1971). Finally, I try to single
out the elements in Žirmunskij dialect geography, which are specifically sociolinguistic.
相似文献
Matthias AumüllerEmail: |
859.
860.
Laidre ME 《Animal cognition》2008,11(2):179-187
Studies of intraspecific behavioral variability have documented cases where behaviors are present in some populations or groups
but are absent in others. In some cases these differences cannot be explained by recourse to environmental or genetic variation,
and may instead represent “traditions”. Despite many examples of animal traditions in acoustic communication, relatively few
examples exist of gestural traditions. Here I report on a study of communication across eight captive groups of mandrills
(Mandrillus sphinx) in which a prominent gesture (Hand extension) was unique to two groups. Habitat variability, genetic differences, and sampling
bias were not sufficient to account for the gesture’s limited distribution across the study groups. Within the two groups
where the gesture did occur only the juveniles in the group performed it, consistently directing it toward adults. Quantitative
analysis of the contexts and responses associated with the gesture suggested that juveniles utilized it to provoke adults.
Moreover, the gesture appeared to minimize the risk juveniles incurred while inciting adults, suggesting that repeated social
interactions shaped the gesture’s form. Interestingly, both the groups where the gesture emerged contained few juveniles.
With limited play partners, these juveniles may have resorted to harassing adults as an alternative social play outlet. The
creation of this novel gesture may thus be due to the combined influence of a shortage of play partners and of the increased
free time for playful social exploration afforded by captivity. Although juveniles frequently “eavesdropped” on dyadic interactions
involving the gesture and would subsequently initiate an interaction with the recipient of the gesture, there was no definitive
evidence for social transmission; the gesture could instead have been independently invented by each juvenile.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献