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821.
822.
Neurocognitive studies have shown that extensive musical training enhances P3a and P3b event-related potentials for infrequent target sounds, which reflects stronger attention switching and stimulus evaluation in musicians than in nonmusicians. However, it is unknown whether the short-term plasticity of P3a and P3b responses is also enhanced in musicians. We compared the short-term plasticity of P3a and P3b responses to infrequent target sounds in musicians and nonmusicians during auditory perceptual learning tasks. Target sounds, deviating in location, pitch, and duration with three difficulty levels, were interspersed among frequently presented standard sounds in an oddball paradigm. We found that during passive exposure to sounds, musicians had habituation of the P3a, while nonmusicians showed enhancement of the P3a between blocks. Between active tasks, P3b amplitudes for duration deviants were reduced (habituated) in musicians only, and showed a more posterior scalp topography for habituation when compared to P3bs of nonmusicians. In both groups, the P3a and P3b latencies were shortened for deviating sounds. Also, musicians were better than nonmusicians at discriminating target deviants. Regardless of musical training, better discrimination was associated with higher working memory capacity. We concluded that music training enhances short-term P3a/P3b plasticity, indicating training-induced changes in attentional skills. 相似文献
823.
Laura P. McAvinue Thomas Habekost Katherine A. Johnson S?ren Kyllingsb?k Signe Vangkilde Claus Bundesen Ian H. Robertson 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2012,74(8):1570-1582
Changes in sustained attention, attentional selectivity, and attentional capacity were examined in a sample of 113 participants between the ages of 12 and 75. To measure sustained attention, we employed the sustained-attention-to-response task (Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, & Yiend, Neuropsychologia 35:747?C58, 1997), a short continuous-performance test designed to capture fluctuations in sustained attention. To measure attentional selectivity and capacity, we employed a paradigm based on the theory of visual attention (Bundesen, Psychological Review 97:523?C547, 1990), which enabled the estimation of parameters related to attentional selection, perceptual threshold, visual short-term memory capacity, and processing capacity. We found evidence of age-related decline in each of the measured variables, but the declines varied markedly in terms of magnitude and lifespan trajectory. Variables relating to attentional capacity showed declines of very large effect sizes, while variables relating to attentional selectivity and sustained attention showed declines of medium to large effect sizes, suggesting that attentional control is relatively preserved in older adults. The variables relating to sustained attention followed a U-shaped, curvilinear trend, and the variables relating to attentional selectivity and capacity showed linear decline from early adulthood, providing further support for the differentiation of attentional functions. 相似文献
824.
Mario Maiworm Marina Bellantoni Charles Spence Brigitte R?der 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2012,74(6):1302-1311
We constantly integrate the information that is available to our various senses. The extent to which the mechanisms of multisensory integration are subject to the influences of attention, emotion, and/or motivation is currently unknown. The ??ventriloquist effect?? is widely assumed to be an automatic crossmodal phenomenon, shifting the perceived location of an auditory stimulus toward a concurrently presented visual stimulus. In the present study, we examined whether audiovisual binding, as indicated by the magnitude of the ventriloquist effect, is influenced by threatening auditory stimuli presented prior to the ventriloquist experiment. Syllables spoken in a fearful voice were presented from one of eight loudspeakers, while syllables spoken in a neutral voice were presented from the other seven locations. Subsequently, participants had to localize pure tones while trying to ignore concurrent visual stimuli (both the auditory and the visual stimuli here were emotionally neutral). A reliable ventriloquist effect was observed. The emotional stimulus manipulation resulted in a reduction of the magnitude of the subsequently measured ventriloquist effect in both hemifields, as compared to a control group exposed to a similar attention-capturing, but nonemotional, manipulation. These results suggest that the emotional system is capable of influencing multisensory binding processes that have heretofore been considered automatic. 相似文献
825.
This study investigated agent and expression intensity recognition in point-light displays depicting dancing performances.
In a first session, participants danced with two different expression intensities to music, solo or in dyads. In a subsequent
session, they watched point-light displays of 1–5-s duration, depicting their own, their partner’s or another participant’s
recorded actions, and were asked to identify the agent (self vs. partner vs. stranger) and the intended expression intensity
(expressive vs. inexpressive) of the performer. The results indicate that performer identity and expression intensity could
be discerned reliably from displays as short as 1 s. The accuracy in judgment increased with exposure duration and, for performer
identification, with higher expression intensity. Judgment accuracy in agent and expression intensity recognition tasks correlated
with self-report empathy indices. Accuracy correlated also with confidence in judgment, but only in the intensity recognition
task. The results are discussed in relation to perceptual and neural mechanisms underlying action and intention recognition. 相似文献
826.
Thomas?A.?Fergus Kevin?D.?WuEmail author 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):446-458
Using two large nonclinical samples (N = 725), relations between five targeted cognitive variables [intolerance of uncertainty, negative problem orientation, perfectionism/certainty,
responsibility/threat estimation, and importance/control of thoughts] and mood [depression] and anxiety [social anxiety, generalized
anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive] symptoms were examined. Analyses provided multiple levels of specificity, including zero-order
correlations, partial correlations controlling for the effects of positive and negative affect, regression analyses, and hierarchical
structural modeling. Results were that (a) intolerance of uncertainty showed relative specificity to anxiety versus depression
symptoms and (b) negative problem orientation was common to mood and anxiety symptoms. Although certain analyses suggested
that (c) perfectionism/certainty specifically predicted generalized anxiety and (d) both responsibility/threat estimation
and importance/control of thoughts were unique predictors of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, these three cognitive variables
inconsistently predicted symptom scores across the two studies. Conceptual and therapeutic implications are discussed. 相似文献
827.
Kathleen?C.?LaundyEmail author William?Nelson Daisy?Abucewicz 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(4):384-399
Building collaborative multidisciplinary mental health teams to boost student achievement has been a growing initiative in
American schools since the 1970s. Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs)joined those teams in 2008, when Connecticut became
the first state to certify MFTs for schoolbased practice. This article chronicles the history of that collaboration and reports
initial research into MFT school-based participation on those teams. 相似文献
828.
Paul?R.?YostEmail author Jillian?R.?McLellan Diana?L.?Ecker Glenna?C.?Chang Joy?M.?Hereford Chris?C.?Roenicke Jami?B.?Town Yolanda?L.?Winberg 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(2):233-239
What causes one Human Resource (HR) intervention to thrive while another dies? The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics of HR interventions that are not only self-sustaining, but adapt and gain momentum over time. Based on a review of the literature, a case study, and 16 critical incident interviews with senior Industrial-Organizational (I–O) and HR professionals, several characteristics of the organization, the intervention, and the leader consistently emerged as important in creating sustainable HR programs, suggesting several new directions for future research. 相似文献
829.
Workplace branding has generated more attention in the practitioner community than academia. A contributing factor for the
sparse academic research is the fact that the theoretical foundation of workplace branding has not been fully developed. In
addressing this need, this article outlines how workplace branding uses a similar approach used in marketing a product or
service to build an effective workplace brand. An increasing potent form of workplace branding lies in the new popular annual
“best employer” surveys. In reviewing various “best employer” surveys, we identify eight common themes in terms of human resources
best practices associated with outcomes ranging from high levels of retention to increased rates of growth in sales and profit.
Finally, this article presents several research issues and questions that should be addressed in the future. 相似文献
830.
Harkness S Zylicz PO Super CM Welles-Nystr?m B Bermúdez MR Bonichini S Moscardino U Mavridis CJ 《Journal of family psychology》2011,25(6):799-813
Theoretical perspectives and research in sociology, anthropology, sociolinguistics, and cultural psychology converge in recognizing the significance of children's time spent in various activities, especially in the family context. Knowing how children's time is deployed, however, only gives us a partial answer to how children acquire competence; the other part must take into account the culturally constructed meanings of activities, from the perspective of those who organize and direct children's daily lives. In this article, we report on a study of children's routine daily activities and on the meanings that parents attribute to them in six Western middle-class cultural communities located in Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States (N = 183). Using week-long time diaries kept by parents, we first demonstrate similarities as well as significant differences in children's daily routines across the cultural samples. We then present brief vignettes--"a day in the life" --of children from each sample. Parent interviews were coded for themes in the meanings attributed to various activities. Excerpts from parent interviews, focusing on four major activities (meals, family time, play, school- or developmentally related activities), are presented to illustrate how cultural meanings and themes are woven into parents' organization and understanding of their children's daily lives. The results of this mixed-method approach provide a more reliable and nuanced picture of children's and families' daily lives than could be derived from either method alone. 相似文献