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131.
Maria Caama?o 《Erkenntnis》2009,70(3):331-364
The incommensurability thesis, as introduced by T.S. Kuhn and P.K. Feyerabend, states that incommensurable theories are conceptually
incompatible theories which share a common domain of application. Such claim has often been regarded as incoherent, since
it has been understood that the determination of a common domain of application at least requires a certain degree of conceptual
compatibility between the theories. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the defense of the notion of local or gradual
incommensurability, as proposed by late Kuhn. The application of this notion would allow to render the incommensurability
thesis coherent. To support this view, a typical example of incommensurability will be formally analyzed by applying the structuralist
metatheory developed, among others by W. Balzer, C.U. Moulines and J.D. Sneed. The structural reconstruction of the relation
between the phlogiston theory and the oxygen theory offered here will reveal that they are locally incommensurable, and will
even make possible to determine the ontological reduction relation that they also exemplify.
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Maria Caama?oEmail: |
132.
Although the sunk-cost effect is a well-documented psychological phenomenon in monetary investments, existing literature investigating behavioral investments (e.g., time, effort) has not replicated this effect except when such investments relate to monetary values. The current explanation for this discrepancy proposes that purely behavioral sunk-cost effects are unlikely to be observed because they are difficult to book, track, and balance in a mental account. Conversely, we argue that, through an effort-justification mechanism, people account for the amount of behavioral resources invested when selecting an alternative, in which case they may fall prey to purely behavioral sunk-cost effects. The results of two experiments support this prediction. Because many decisions involve behavioral investments, behavioral sunk-cost effects should be pervasive psychological phenomena. 相似文献
133.
In this article we strive to provide a detailed and principled analysis of the role of beliefs in goal processing—that is,
the cognitive transition that leads from a mere desire to a proper intention. The resulting model of belief-based goal processing has also relevant consequences for the analysis of intentions, and constitutes the necessary core of a constructive theory of intentions, i.e. a framework that not only analyzes what an intention is, but also explains how it becomes what it is. We discuss similarities
and differences between our approach and other standard accounts of intention, in particular Bratman’s planning theory. The
aim here is to question and refine the conceptual foundations of many theories of intentional action: as a consequence, although
our analysis is not formal in itself, it is ultimately meant to have deep consequences for formal models of intentional agency. 相似文献
134.
Isabel Dórdio Dimas Teresa Rebelo Paulo Renato Lourenço Carina Isabel Pereira Pessoa 《The Journal of psychology》2018,152(6):358-372
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of team resilience on different facets of effectiveness (team viability and quality of the group experience). Moreover, given the importance of team resilience for the organizational context, it was also our aim to contribute to the study of the conditions that promote team resilience, analyzing the role of transformational leadership. Finally, we examined whether the relationship between transformational leadership and team resilience stimulates positive team outcomes. Ninety teams (445 employees from 40 companies) were surveyed and path analysis was used in the test of the hypotheses. The results showed a positive direct effect of team resilience on both team viability and the quality of the group experience. Moreover, a positive relationship was also identified between transformational leadership and team resilience. Finally, support was found for the mediated effect of team resilience on the relationship between transformational leadership and the dimensions of team effectiveness considered. The findings of this study highlight the role of team resilience as an intervening process between transformational leadership and team effectiveness. Supervisors should promote team resilience, adopting transformational leadership behaviors, in order to contribute to increase team viability and the quality of the group experience. 相似文献
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Paul E. Johnson Alica S. Durán Frank Hassebrock James Moller Michael Prietula Paul J. Feltovich David B. Swanson 《Cognitive Science》1981,5(3):235-283
An investigation is presented in which a computer simulation model (DIAGNOSER) is used to develop and test predictions for behavior of subjects in a task of medical diagnosis. The first experiment employed a process-tracing methodology in order to compare hypothesis generation and evaluation behavior of DIAGNOSER with individuals at different levels of expertise (students, trainees, experts). A second experiment performed with only DIAGNOSER identified conditions under which errors in reasoning in the first experiment could be related to interpretation of specific data items. Predictions derived from DIAGNOSER's performance were tested in a third experiment with a new sample of subjects. Data from the three experiments indicated that (1) form of diagnostic reasoning was similar for all subjects trained in medicine and for the simulation model, (2) substance of diagnostic reasoning employed by the simulation model was parable with that of the more expert subjects, and (3) errors in subjects' reasoning were attributable to deficiencies in disease knowledge and the interpretation of specific patient data cues predicted by the simulation model. 相似文献
140.
Punishment of an alternative behavior generates resurgence of a previously extinguished target behavior 下载免费PDF全文
Rafaela M. Fontes João C. Todorov Timothy A. Shahan 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2018,110(2):171-184
Resurgence is often defined as the recurrence of an extinguished behavior when a more recently reinforced alternative behavior is also extinguished. Resurgence has also been observed when the alternative behavior is devalued by other means (e.g., reinforcement rate or magnitude reductions). The present study investigated whether punishment of an alternative behavior would generate resurgence. A target response was reinforced during Phase 1 and then extinguished in Phase 2 while an alternative response was reinforced. During Phase 3, response‐dependent foot shocks were superimposed on the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative response and shock intensity was escalated gradually across sessions. Resurgence of the target response was reliably observed, mostly at higher intensities. The effect was replicated in two subsequent exposures to the sequence of conditions, with resurgence tending to occur at the lowest foot shock intensity. These results suggest that devaluation of an alternative behavior via punishment can generate resurgence. Although it is difficult to reconcile the overall pattern of results with Bouton's context account, these findings are consistent with the suggestion that resurgence results from a “worsening of conditions” for the alternative behavior and with the formalization of that suggestion in terms of a choice‐based matching‐law account (i.e., Resurgence as Choice). 相似文献