小学儿童对日常生活事件时间关系推理能力的初探

探查小学儿童对含有“在什么之前”“同时”日常生活事件时间关系的推理发展过程及其影响因素。被试为7岁、9岁、11岁3个年龄组共54名小学儿童,每个年龄组18人。4种问题模式分别为带有传递关系的单模型问题、带有无关前提的单模型问题、含两个前提的单模型问题、有肯定答案的多模型问题。每种问题模式含3种具体探察任务。主要研究结果表明：在本实验条件下,（1）儿童对事件时间顺序关系的推理从7岁到9岁有快速发展的趋势;（2）单模型和多模型任务无显著差异,模型数量似乎不是影响儿童推理成绩的关键因素;（3）儿童能够主动采用5种策略解决问题。逆向关系传递策略是问题解决的有效策略。     

临床诊断中现象与本质的辩证思维

在临床诊断中,疾病的症状、体征往往表现在外,成为现象。疾病本身及其病因,往往深藏于内,成为本质,二者是对立的,需要医师的认真分析、判断,才能辨别清楚。同时,二者又是统一的,要求医师研究大量的症状、体征,透过症状、体征发现准确的疾病及其病因。临床医师只有有效地把握住疾病性质及其病因,才能保证治疗的成功。在临床诊断中,症状、体征与疾病及其病因的关系,有的比较简单,分辨起来困难不大。有的比较复杂,分辨起来稍觉吃力,有的却峰回路转,一种疾病或病因在不同情况下表现出不同的症状,扑朔迷离,令人难以捉摸。疾病的轻重程度不同,有的…     

Perceptions of ADHD in China and the United States: a preliminary study

College students (n = 226) and teachers (n = 328) in the United States and China completed a 55-item questionnaire examining perceptions of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the two countries. Although a factor analysis yielded somewhat similar structures for the construct of ADHD, many differences emerged as well, with Chinese participants somewhat more attuned to hyperactivity than inattention. Furthermore, presented with a list of potential perceptions of ADHD, there were significant differences by culture in agreement with most of those statements. Thus, it appears that the concept of ADHD may be similar between the cultures, but the many differences warrant further exploration before ADHD is considered to be equivalent in the two countries.     

2003年诺贝尔医学奖给科学界的多重启示(上)

2003年诺贝尔医学奖授予了两位美英物理学家,劳特布尔和曼斯菲尔德,表彰他们在磁共振成像方面的发现.这些发现导致现代磁共振技术的开发,这一技术标志着医学诊断学和科学研究中的一项突破.该项发现建筑在核磁和核磁共振现象被发现的基础之上.核磁现象的发现及其应用导致了1943、1944和1952年诺贝尔物理学奖的获得.核磁共振现象的发现及其应用导致了1991年和2002年诺贝尔化学奖的获得.这意味着,2003年诺贝尔医学奖是该系列发现中第六个诺贝尔科学奖.     

初中生认同的亲社会行为的初步研究

通过对8名11～14岁初中生的深入访谈,初步探讨了处于初中阶段的青少年认同的亲社会行为。发现:(1)初中生最认同的亲社会行为是帮助行为,其次是交往行为。此外,安慰行为、公益行为、礼貌行为和遵规行为也被他们认同;(2)初中生对不同行为主体间发生的亲社会行为的认同有明显差异,他们更关心发生在他们之间的亲社会行为;(3)普通学校、打工子弟学校的初中生对帮助行为和交往行为认同的比率差异明显;(4)初中生认同的亲社会行为的种类不存在明显的性别差异。     

小学儿童空间物体位置编码（Ⅰ）

采用找物范式研究小学7、9、11岁儿童利用点与点之间的关系对目标物位置进行编码的认知发展。结果表明：两点距离编码和三点共线编码认知成绩的年龄效应显著,9岁组和11岁组儿童的认知成绩显著好于7岁组儿童的认知成绩。两个不同实验任务对儿童认知成绩的影响不同,7岁组儿童两点距离编码认知成绩显著好于三点共线编码认知成绩,9岁组和11岁组两个任务的认知成绩差异不显著。提供编码线索后,认知成绩有了较大的改善。     

“组织学习障碍”研究

组织要进行真正的学习 ,就必须克服“组织学习障碍”。“组织学习障碍”分为“单环学习障碍”和“双环学习障碍”两大类。为了克服“组织学习障碍”,首先必须消除组织的习惯性防御机制 ,然后进行“学习型组织”的各项修炼。     

When days are numbered: calendar structure and the development of calendar processing in English and Chinese.

Unlike English, Chinese uses a numerical system for naming months and days. This study explored whether this difference in naming affects the development of simple calendar calculation. Eight- and 10-year-old children as well as undergraduates in China and the United States were asked to name the day or month that comes a specified time before or after a given day or month. In each age group Chinese speakers primarily used calculation based on calendar names to solve these tasks, while English speakers primarily resorted to reciting the names. The magnitude of these differences was substantial; on difficult tasks Chinese fourth graders performed at speeds comparable to those of English-speaking adults. Implications for models of how linguistic structure affects cognition are discussed.     

Communication behavior and relationship satisfaction among American and Chinese newlywed couples

Most research on couple communication patterns comes from North America and Europe and suggests cross-cultural universality in effects, but emerging studies suggest that couple communication takes different forms depending on the cultural context in which it occurs. The current study addressed this discrepancy by comparing the observed social support behaviors of 50 newlywed American couples and 41 newlywed Mainland Chinese couples, first on mean levels of positivity and negativity and second on behavior-satisfaction associations. Consistent with predictions derived from observational work by Tsai and Levenson (1997), Chinese couples were observed displaying significantly more negative behavior than American couples, even after controlling for relationship satisfaction; the 2 groups did not differ in observed positive behaviors. Tests of the moderating role of culture on behavior-satisfaction associations showed that positivity was significantly related to relationship satisfaction only for American husbands, whereas negativity was significantly associated with relationship satisfaction only for Chinese husbands. We speculate that cultural contexts may influence the display and evaluation of behavior in intimate relationships, suggesting the need for caution when generalizing models and associated interventions to non-Western couples.     

左右半脸及其位置对面孔吸引力的影响

本研究将拼嵌技术（chimera technique）和融合技术（Morph tech—nique）结合起来,制作新形式的面孔刺激,将“刺激”和“位置”分离并分别操纵,检验了左右半脸及其位置对面孔吸引力的影响。实验结果显示：（1）“刺激”和“位置”都会影响面孔吸引力;（2）“刺激”的影响是直接的,具体表现为右半脸不论呈现在面孔的左侧还是右侧,其吸引力总是高于左半脸的吸引力;（3）“位置”的影响模式较为复杂,具体表现为左右半脸在原始位置呈现时（右丰脸呈现在右侧,左半脸呈现在左侧）,其吸引力总是高于镜像位置。