The Helping Process As Contractual

Virtually all counseling is governed by implicit contracts that define both the treatment goals and procedures and the client-counselor relationship. This article discusses the implications of both types of contracts for counselors, presents a rationale for making these contracts deliberate and overt, and suggests some guidelines for doing so.     

A shadow concept

The author focuses on the signifi cance of preconscious thinking, and its relationship to what we think of as unconscious fantasies. He reopens Freud's forgotten struggle with preconscious thinking, while he explores preconscious thinking as the basis for thinking about psychoanalytic treatment. This includes our goals in bringing an idea to the analysand's attention, and the role of transitional space where thoughts and feelings can be played with.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LEADER AND FOLLOWER PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL,SERVICE CLIMATE,AND JOB PERFORMANCE

Using a sample of 79 police leaders and their direct reports (264 police followers), this study investigated the relationships of leader and follower psychological capital, service climate, and job performance. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results revealed that leader psychological capital was positively related to follower performance, with this relationship mediated by follower psychological capital. We also found that the follower psychological capital-performance relationship was moderated by service climate such that the relationship was stronger when service climate was perceived to be high versus low. Finally, exploratory HLM analyses indicated that leader and follower psychological capital interacted to positively predict rated performance. We discuss implications of these findings, limitations, and directions for future research.     

LOYAL FROM DAY ONE: BIODATA, ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTIFICATION, AND TURNOVER AMONG NEWCOMERS

This paper attempts to use biodata to uncover behavioral and experiential antecedents of organizational identification (OID), and to demonstrate one way in which theory can be used in the development and analysis of objective biodata. The biodata correlates of organizational identification were assessed with a sample of 2,535 new U.S. Army recruits. Four biodata factors emerged: activities involving outdoor work or pastimes; a dependable, non-delinquent, lifestyle reflecting socialization to institutional expectations; a general preference for group attachments; and diligent involvement in intellectual pastimes. Results with a subset of 1,082 recruits revealed that both OID and the biodata antecedents predicted subsequent attrition across 6 time periods spanning 6 to 24 months. Results also revealed relatively high OID among the recruits.     

Peer Cluster Theory: Drugs and the Adolescent

The authors review several theories advanced to explain adolescent drug use to provide background for describing peer cluster theory. Peer clusters, small subsets of peer groups, including pairs, dictate the shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that determine where, when, and with whom drugs are used and the role that drugs play in defining cluster membership. Peer cluster theory incorporates those psychosocial factors that promote or inoculate against drug use in youth.     

Self-Test on Competitive Employment for Mentally Retarded Persons

Persons with moderate and severe handicaps have had limited access to competitive employment. This article provides current information on the capabilities of retarded persons to perform competitively and on opportunities for them to acquire jobs. A 10-item, true-or-false quiz is provided with answers so that readers can test their knowledge.     

The Social Influence Model: A Social Psychological Approach to Counseling

Social influence theory suggests that counseling is an interpersonal influence process. This article reviews the literature on the model and suggests future directions for research.