The Social Influence Model: A Social Psychological Approach to Counseling

Social influence theory suggests that counseling is an interpersonal influence process. This article reviews the literature on the model and suggests future directions for research.     

Multicultural Peer Counseling: A Developmental Perspective and Rationale

This article focuses on the creation and growth of a peer counseling program assisting ethnic minority college students. A brief rationale of the program is offered. Problems are described and recommendations are made for subsequent program deuelopment.     

TURNOVER AND RETIREMENT: A COMPARISON OF THEIR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

This study sought to demonstrate that turnover and retirement intentions were distinct forms of organizational withdrawal and to empirically examine the similarities and differences between their antecedents. In a sample of 375 (126 men and 247 women) working adults, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the contention that items measuring turnover intent and retirement intent were related to 2 separate constructs. In addition, the correlation between the 2 measures was low and not significant. The influence of common and unique variables that influence turnover intent and retirement intent were then examined. The results suggested that there were significant differences between the predictors of turnover intentions and retirement intentions. These findings suggest that there are important differences between turnover and retirement and it is necessary to treat them separately for some purposes.     

Sex differences in expectancy of examination results

Abstract.— Within a group of undergraduates it was found that men had higher expectancy than women in a psychology examination. Although importance of examination results for future career was positively related to expected results in both sex groups, women did not regard results as less important than men did, and the sex difference in expectancy could not be attributed differential value of examination for women and men. Whereas estimated importance of results for future career was positively related to importance of results for self-regard in the male group, no such relationship was found for women.     

Achievement motivation and field independence

Abstract.— Previous studies on the relationship between achievement motivation and field independence appear to have concentrated on the hope of success motive and Embedded Figures Test measures of field independence. The present study relates measures of both hope of success and fear of failure to performance on the Rod and Frame Test. It was found that a group with high Hope of Success/high Fear of Failure and one with low Hope of Success/low Fear of Failure were more field dependent than a group with high Hope of Success/low Fear of Failure and one with low Hope of Success/high Fear of Failure. The results were interpreted in line with the Yerkes-Dodson law. High Hope of Success/high Fear of Failure was assumed to reflect a too high level of effort output or arousal, whereas low Hope of Success/low Fear of Failure was assumed to reflect a too low level of effort expenditure. According to a second interpretation, the field dependent performance of high/high and low/low groups was assumed to relate to a confused/uncertain self image.     

The progressive heritage of guidance: a view from the left

As one part of a larger progressive movement, the guidance and counseling movement has typically supported progressive programs in the schools and in society as a whole. While most counselors point with pride to such a progressive heritage, a case can be made that the effect of progressivism is to prop up existing structures and resist fundamental change in societal institutions. In this article the author discusses four ideals that are commonly held by the progressive and the counseling movements, pointing out some of the destructive effects these ideals have on societal change efforts. The four ideals discussed are: (a) an emphasis on access to opportunity (pluralism), (b) an emphasis on pragmatism, (c) an emphasis on adjustment, and (d) an emphasis on individualism.     

T. S. Eliot's The Family Reunion—"Schizophrenia" Reconsidered

T. S. Eliot's play, The Family Reunion ( 4 ), can be interpreted as a representation of a "schizophrenic" and his family. As such it illustrates some of the clinical insights of both individual psychiatry and family psychiatry. This paper will discuss the play from a clinical vantage point and conclude with a re-consideration of the concept of schizophrenia.     

Birth of A Person: One Woman's Reflections on Survival and Growth

Through her words written in a daily log, a woman examines her life and goals, her relationship with her husband, and the influence in her life of an assertion-training course.