《释门正统》与《佛祖统纪》成书旨趣之差异再探

<释门正统>与<佛祖统纪>是两部由宋代天台宗人编写的佛教史书,在这两部史书里,以知礼大师作为十七祖的天台宗正统谱系开始正式建立起来;同时,围绕知礼大师祖师地位的确立问题,<正统>与<统纪>在成书旨趣上也体现出了重大差异:<正统>明显更为关注天台宗传承的延续性问题,<统纪>则更为强调了本宗思想领域内部秩序的统一.明了这种差异不仅有益于我们加深对这两部天台宗史书的理解,而且亦有益于我们在进行佛教思想史研究时,对天台宗的思想发展状况做出更为准确的判断和理解.本文即从知礼祖师地位的确立这一问题出发,对二书成书旨趣的差异再做一番探讨.     

暴露前药物预防HIV感染研究中的伦理问题及对策

暴露前预防作为一项新的预防HIV感染策略是当前研究的热点.已有的研究证明这一策略有潜在的大量减少HIV感染风险的作用,很可能成为预防HIV感染的一种强有力的新策略.然而正处于临床实验阶段的PrEP面临着一系列的伦理问题,解决好这些问题,是这项新策略能顺利进行的重要保障.     

Laboratory Replication of Scientific Discovery Processes

Fourteen subjects were tape-recorded while they undertook to find a law to summarize numerical data they were given. The source of the data was not identified, nor were the variables labeled semantically. Unknown to the subjects, the data were measurements of the distances of the planets from the sun and the periods of their revolutions about it—equivalent to the data used by Johannes Kepler to discover his third law of planetary motion. Four of the 14 subjects discovered the same law as Kepler did (the period varies as the 3/2 power of the distance), and a fifth came very close to the answer. The subiects' protocols provide a detailed picture of the problem-solving searches they engaged in, which were mainly, but not exclusively, in the space of possible functions for fitting the data, and provide explanations as to why some succeeded and the others failed. The search heuristics used by the subjects are similar to those embodied in the BACON program, computer simulation of certain scientific discovery processes. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of examining some of the processes of scientific discovery by recreating, in the laboratory, discovery situations of substantial historical relevance. It demonstrates also, that under conditions rather similar to those of the original discoverer, a law can be rediscovered by persons of ordinary intelligence (i.e., the intelligence needed for academic success in a good university). The data for the successful subjects reveal no “creative” processes in this kind of a discovery situation different from those that are regularly observed in all kinds of problem-solving settings.     

The moderating role of interviewer's regulatory focus in the effectiveness of impression management tactics: Regulatory fit as a source of subjective value

Based on the recently explored regulatory fit effect in social contexts, the present research is the first to investigate the interaction between interviewer's regulatory focus and interviewee's impression management (IM) tactics. We hypothesized that assertive and defensive IM tactics would fit with interviewer's promotion and prevention focus, respectively, and that interviewer's experience of this regulatory fit would lead to enhanced interview evaluation. We conducted four studies in which the participants were asked to rate an interviewee after reading a list of the interviewee's IM-related behaviours or watching a videotaped interview. Additionally, the participant's regulatory focus was operationalized as both an induced situational state and a measured chronic trait. The results supported our hypotheses by showing a significant interaction of the interviewer's regulatory focus and the IM tactics on interview evaluation: the promotion-assertive and the prevention-defensive ratings were more positive than the prevention-assertive and the promotion-defensive ratings. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed that the interaction exerts its effects on interview evaluation by providing interviewers with an intrapersonal regulatory fit experience.