成就目标、学业情绪及学业成绩的关系研究述评

成就目标(Achievement Goal)是个体对从事成就活动的目的或意义的知觉,学业情绪(Academic Emotion)是指与学业学习、班级指导和学业成就直接相关的各种情绪。成就目标与学业情绪相互作用,即成就目标会影响学生的学业情绪,学业情绪反过来也会影响成就目标。同时,成就目标和学业情绪对学生的学业成绩具有综合预测作用,学业情绪在成就目标和学业成绩间起中介作用。未来研究的方向主要在于深入探讨成就目标与更细分的学业情绪的关系,以及成就目标、学业情绪和成绩之间的相互作用。     

Sample size planning with the cost constraint for testing superiority and equivalence of two independent groups

The allocation of sufficient participants into different experimental groups for various research purposes under given constraints is an important practical problem faced by researchers. We address the problem of sample size determination between two independent groups for unequal and/or unknown variances when both the power and the differential cost are taken into consideration. We apply the well‐known Welch approximate test to derive various sample size allocation ratios by minimizing the total cost or, equivalently, maximizing the statistical power. Two types of hypotheses including superiority/non‐inferiority and equivalence of two means are each considered in the process of sample size planning. A simulation study is carried out and the proposed method is validated in terms of Type I error rate and statistical power. As a result, the simulation study reveals that the proposed sample size formulas are very satisfactory under various variances and sample size allocation ratios. Finally, a flowchart, tables, and figures of several sample size allocations are presented for practical reference.     

New heterogeneous test statistics for the unbalanced fixed‐effect nested design

When the underlying variances are unknown or/and unequal, using the conventional F test is problematic in the two‐factor hierarchical data structure. Prompted by the approximate test statistics (Welch and Alexander–Govern methods), the authors develop four new heterogeneous test statistics to test factor A and factor B nested within A for the unbalanced fixed‐effect two‐stage nested design under variance heterogeneity. The actual significance levels and statistical power of the test statistics were compared in a simulation study. The results show that the proposed procedures maintain better Type I error rate control and have greater statistical power than those obtained by the conventional F test in various conditions. Therefore, the proposed test statistics are recommended in terms of robustness and easy implementation.     

近三十年来法显研究简述

<正>法显是中国东晋时期的高僧,他历经万险,西行到达印度,取经译经,又据自己亲身经历写有《法显传》(又名《佛国记》)。由于王邦维《法显与法显传:研究史的考察》[1]已经对20世纪80年代以前的国内外法显及《法显传》研究进行了系统地回顾和展望,为避免重复,本文     

自然主义集合实在论与数学哲学研究范式

In recent 50 years,the debate between mathematical realism and anti-realism has been dominating the mainstream development in the contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Penelope Maddy proposed a naturalistic set theoretic realism in 1990. This project brings the philosophy of mathematics a new research idea,that is,philosophy should attach importance to mathematical practice. This article will critically analyze Maddy's naturalistic set theoretic realism on the basis of research paradigm background belief....     

发挥健康促进志愿者在社区健康管理中的作用

在我国,开展社区健康管理具有重要意义.针对目前医学的社会化趋势以及社区卫生人力资源不足问题,通过概述健康促进志愿者活动在我国各地的实施进展与效果,指出发挥健康促进志愿者在社区健康管理中的作用的必要性和可行性,并对怎样充分发挥健康促进志愿者在社区健康管理中的作用进行探讨.     

新生儿科临床基本观念与辩证法

新生儿科学相对于儿科学具有特殊性,其临床应把握好可能性和现实性、原因和结果、现象与本质,内容与形式、量变和质变、偶然性和必然性、普遍性和特殊性的辨证关系,树立预防、全局、精确和先天等四个基本观念.     

一致的先前知识对类别学习影响机制探讨

探讨一致的先前知识对类别学习的影响,包括2个实验。被试是112名大学生,分别探讨不同实验任务和不同项目呈现时间引发的机械特征在类别学习中的重要程度和加工程度不同的情况下先前知识对类别学习的影响。结果表明:(1)在实验任务为项目类别归属判断任务时,机械特征重要程度低,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在竞争关系;在实验任务为项目类别归属及记忆任务时,机械特征重要程度高,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在促进关系。(2)在限制步速呈现项目时,机械特征加工程度低,主题特征与机械特征在学习上存在竞争关系;而在自定步速呈现项目时,机械特征加工程度高,主题特征与机械特征在学习上不存在竞争关系。     

“物质无限可分”是全称存在命题

运用分析哲学方法研究物质可分性问题,能够得到这样的结果:"物质无限可分"是全称存在命题;"物质有限可分"是存在非存在命题。而这两个命题都既不可证实又不可证伪。因此,"物质结构是否无限可分"是一个超经验的信仰问题,无法从经验上证明究竟是肯定回答正确,还是否定回答正确,因而这方面的争论没有什么意义。     

显示方式对小学生阅读动态文本的影响

以小学三年级和五年级学生为被试,在机控速度（240字/分）条件下,如何在单行呈现动态文本以提高小学生的阅读绩效。实验采用2（呈现方式：引导式、RSVP）×2（年级：三年级、五年级）×2（窗口：5字、10字）的多因素混合实验设计。结果发现：（1）在呈现方式上,平滑滚动引导式优于RSVP,更受被试偏爱;（2）在两种呈现方式下,五年级的阅读正确率显著高于三年级;（3）与平滑滚动引导式相比,窗口大小对RSVP的影响更大。