混沌哲学

混沌学(la theorie du chaos),是美国数学家J.约克(Yorke)给“不稳定的”动力学系统的研究恰如其分的命名。以后,便于60年代末在美国和欧洲问世并获得发展。建立在表现不同指数轨迹的动力学系统的数学理论基础之上的混沌学,最初受到国际科学团体有保留的或者说不无怀疑的欢迎。因此,在数学家S.斯梅尔于1961年提出说明轨迹指数差异的动力学系统的例子之后,“某些人急忙断言(阿诺德报道),(斯梅尔的)结论没有任何实际的意义,因为     

知识的分析

知识论其实是两个理论:一个理论说明知识是什么,另一个理论则回答我们是否有任何知识的问题。第一个理论旨在定义或分析事实知识的概念,即不同于对人或对地点的知识或不同于实际技能知识之知识的概念。在这个分析或定义过程中,也说明知识概念和信念、真理及证明概念之间的联系。第二个理论是对哲学怀疑论的回答,哲学怀疑论是对合理的信念、知识和科学的可能性的抽象地建立     

非暴力伦理学

“非暴力伦理学”这个词组使人觉得象是同语反复,而且常常使人产生疑问:“难道会有非暴力伦理学么?”实际上,从道德(即规范理想)意义上加以考察的伦理学,就定义讲是与非暴力一致的。而且也没有任何一种其他的文化形式(包括世界宗教),其特点与非暴力观点有如此密切的联系;在谈到愉悦伦理学时,那么它可能是与内省愉悦伦理学是对立的;当谈到善良意志伦理学时,则通常表示它有别于结果的伦理学。在这些场合和其他类似的场合,一个定义只突出道德的某个特征并赋予其以本质意义。非暴力伦理学具有另一种逻辑地位,因为具有善的内容规定性的非暴力,可以被看作是伦理学本身的同义语。但是,除了这种一般的涵义和认识方面的丰富涵义外,非暴力伦理学这一概念还有其与今天的道     

“物质”概念

我刊近期就“物质”概念展开的讨论揭示了比以前更加丰富多彩的关于物质的内容和定义的观点(参见《关于“物质”概念的定义》,载《哲学科学》1989年第12期;1990年第2期)。看来,应当承认,哲学家们在这个问题上的见解大相胫庭是合情合理的。思想上的停滞状态(一潭死水)反而是不正常的。什么是“第一性的”:是物质还是世界观?这个问题同样值得注意。物质概念并不给人先验东西,个人的世界观并不是从它开始形成的,而且远不是在每一个个人的世界观中都有这个概念。但是,如果已经有了,那么它首先表现为独立认识世界的结果。这就是说,在个人     

组织决策的影响力分布特征及中英比较

本研究深入分析了组织内部各层次及外部机构对 1 8项决策的影响力。结果指出 :①我国企业存在着四种高层管理与中层管理的决策分工协作模型 ,即高层主导决策、中层自主决策、共同决策及层次决策模型 ,这说明我国企业中层管理的作用得到了加强 ,他们对决策的影响高于英国企业。②中国企业中 ,工人和基层管理的影响力普遍较小 ,尤其是在短期决策上 ,他们的影响力显著地小于英国企业。③中、英两国企业工会的影响力都很小 ,没有显著差别。但是从阻止力上分析 ,英国企业工会的作用显著地大于中国企业。这说明阻止力是一种独特的影响决策的方式 ,需要进一步的研究。     

Within-session Response Patterns On Conjoint Variable-interval Variable-time Schedules

Operant responding often changes within sessions, even when factors such as rate of reinforcement remain constant. The present study was designed to determine whether within-session response patterns are determined by the total number of reinforcers delivered during the session or only by the reinforcers earned by the operant response. Four rats pressed a lever and 3 pigeons pecked a key for food reinforcers delivered by a conjoint variable-interval variable-time schedule. The overall rate of reinforcement of the conjoint schedule varied across conditions from 15 to 480 reinforcers per hour. When fewer than 120 reinforcers were delivered per hour, the within-session patterns of responding on conjoint schedules were similar to those previously observed when subjects received the same total number of reinforcers by responding on simple variable-interval schedules. Response patterns were less similar to those observed on simple variable-interval schedules when the overall rate of reinforcement exceeded 120 reinforcers per hour. These results suggest that response-independent reinforcers can affect the within-session pattern of responding on a response-dependent schedule. The results are incompatible with a response-based explanation of within-session changes in responding (e.g., fatigue), but are consistent with both reinforcer-based (e.g., satiation) and stimulus-based (e.g., habituation) explanations.     

HIV risk factors,condom use,and HIV antibody testing among heterosexual Hispanics: the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys (NABS)

Although Hispanics comprise only 9% of the US population, they account for 16% of AIDS cases. This study used data from the 4390 heterosexual Hispanics interviewed as part of the 1990-91 National AIDS Behavioral Survey to determine the prevalence and demographic correlates of HIV antibody testing and condom use among Hispanics at risk for HIV. Overall, 16.4% of respondents reported an HIV risk factor, primarily two or more sexual partners in the last 12 months (64%) or a high-risk main sex partner (26%). Those at risk tended to be highly acculturated unmarried males aged 18-29 years of European Spanish, South American, or Caribbean origin, with more than 12 years of education, an annual income under US$10,000, and infrequent church attendance. 35.3% of these high-risk persons had been tested for HIV; male gender and middle-income status were the strongest predictors of testing. Condoms were used at least half the time with a primary partner by 22.4% and with secondary partners by 44.7%, with higher use rates among acculturated Hispanics. The low prevalence of condom use and HIV testing among high-risk Hispanics underscores the need for campaigns that reinforce the acceptability of condom use as a social norm. Because US Hispanics are a heterogeneous group, such campaigns should target specific subgroups, including different national origins and levels of acculturation.     

政治生态学的含义

“政治生态学”这个词近年来人们已经不再陌生了,但这并未能显示出它有什么十分明晰和确定的含义。显然它被用来强调政治学或政治与生态学之间的某种联系,尽管导致这种联系的做法很有问题。在此文中我认为,“政治生态学”作为一个名称是很适用于某些实在的关系,包括那些虽然不彻底但已经被理解的政治经济学中的关系。     

The ethics of social science research

ABSTRACT Ethical thinking about social science research is dominated by a biomedical model whose salient features are the assumption that only potential harms to subjects of research are relevant in the ethical evaluation of that research, and in the emphasis on securing informed consent in order to establish ethical probity. A number of counter-examples are considered to the assumption, a number of defences against these counter-examples are examined, and an alternative model is proposed for the ethical evaluation of social science research: a model which can cope with the systemic harms (harms other than those to participants as participants) which have been identified. This model is based on John Rawls's idea of original position reasoning and treats social science research as an institutional feature of the basic structure of society.     

书的死亡 写作兴起——苏格拉底从不动笔(尼采语)

无论人们对这一标题持何种看法,语言问题从来不是一个简单的问题.目前,就意向、方法、意识形态而论,语言从未象现在这样渗透到最不同的领域,最不同种类话语的世界边缘域.“语言”一词本身在贬值.在人们对语言的把握中,这一切背叛了松懈的词,背离这种廉价诱惑的欲望,或向先锋意识这一方法消极地投降,换句话说,向无知投降,这一切是“语言”贬值效果的证明.“语言”这一符号的膨胀也是符号本身的膨胀,绝对的膨胀,膨胀本身.然而,就语言的某一方面或某一影子而论,语言本身仍旧是符号;这场危机也是一个征兆.语言表明:就语言自身而论,形而上学历史时代好象应该最终确定语言是其问题边缘域的全部.它应该这么做,这不仅因为它期盼的所有愿望是从语言游戏中解脱出来,这种愿望却发现自己重新落入这场游戏之网,而且因为,出于某种原因,语言本身在其生命中受到威胁,无依无靠,随处飘零,不再知道有界线限制.当语言的界线似乎消失之时,当语言不再由似乎超越于自身的无限所指来自我确信、包含和保证时,语言就被带回到它自己的量度.