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951.
To examine the role of perceptual object representations in the control of eye movements and attention, a pair of experiments adapted the object-cuing paradigm of Egly, Driver, and Rafal (1994) to require eye movements. Displays were pairs of adjacent rectangles, each containing two characters. Observers were asked to make a speeded judgment of a target character’s orientation, and a cue was provided prior to target/distractor onset to indicate the target’s likely location. Gaze-contingent presentation of target and distractors was used to demand overt scanning of displays. Eye movements during task performance evinced two forms of object-based effects. First, saccades following fixation on an invalidly cued item were more likely to be made within the cued rectangle than between rectangles. Second, saccades within the cued rectangle were preceded by shorter dwell times than saccades between rectangles. Extrafoveal processing of stimuli within the cued rectangle, however, was not facilitated, suggesting that covert attention was not allocated more densely within the cued than within the uncued object. 相似文献
952.
This study provides initial psychometric data for the Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) and the Life Orientation Test (LOT) in a sample of older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Participants included 76 adults, ages 60 to 80, who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for GAD. Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies were lower in older adults with GAD relative to published data from younger and older community samples. Both the SES and LOT demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for optimism and pessimism factors within the LOT and exploratory factor analysis of the SES suggested threefactors that overlap with previous findings. Overall, the data support the potential utility of these instruments in late-life GAD and set the stage forfuture investigations of generalized self-efficacy expectancies and outcome expectancies (or optimism) as they relate to the prediction of affect and behavior in this group. 相似文献
953.
The interconnection of social theory to social aspects of aging has grown in recent years. The theoretical movement entitled structured dependency, couched in social class analysis, has tended to ignore an understanding of aging identity, the body, cultural representations of aging, and positive images of aging, all of which are central features of an emerging postmodern paradigm in gerontological theory. This article argues that the concept of gender can form a useful bridge, a continuity, between structured dependency and postmodernism in theoretical gerontology. Unfortunately, the compartmentalization of these two conceptual approaches has made their links difficult to forge. This article attempts to take a first step in this direction by highlighting the way postmodern ideas can be used to understand a modernist issue—gender in a gerontological context. Also, focusing on the aging body as a primary form of analysis generates some novel insights into the importance of both the theoretical understanding and cultural representations of the body. 相似文献
954.
Williams JK Goebert D Hishinuma E Miyamoto R Anzai N Izutsu S Yanagida E Nishimura S Andrade N Baker FM 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2002,8(4):320-333
A model integrating Japanese ethnicity, cultural identity, and anxiety was developed and assessed in Japanese American and part-Japanese American high school seniors (N = 141). Using measures from the Hawaiian High Schools Health Survey, the model incorporated the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Major Life Events Scale, and the Japanese Culture Scale (JCS). Japanese American adolescents scored higher on the JCS and reported fewer anxiety symptoms than part-Japanese American adolescents. Predictors for anxiety were being Japanese American versus part-Japanese American, income, and culturally intensified events. A significant interaction of behavior by self-identification was obtained. The model had good overall fit, suggesting that cultural identity formation may contribute to anxiety experienced particularly by adolescents of mixed heritage. 相似文献
955.
Okazaki S Liu JF Longworth SL Minn JY 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2002,8(3):234-247
This study examined whether Asian American-White American differences on a trait measure of social anxiety extend to nonverbal behavior and to reports of anxiety-related emotions during a 3-min social performance task. Forty Asian Americans and 40 White Americans completed a trait measure of social anxiety and rated their emotions before, and immediately after, a social performance task. Their videotaped behavior was coded using microlevel behavioral codes (e.g., gaze avoidance, fidgeting). Results indicated that Asian Americans reported more anxiety than White Americans on the trait measure and on the emotion rating scales but that they did not differ substantially on microlevel behavioral indexes of social anxiety. Implications of ethnic variations in the patterns of anxious responding are discussed. 相似文献
956.
Xenotransplantation, or the use of animal cells, tissues and organs for humans, has been promoted as an important solution
to the worldwide shortage of organs. While scientific studies continue to be done to address problems of rejection and the
possibility of animal-to-human virus transfer, socio-ethical and legal questions have also been raised around informed consent,
life-long monitoring, animal welfare and animal rights, and appropriate regulatory practices. Many calls have also been made
to consult publics before policy decisions are made. This paper describes the Canadian public consultation process on xenotransplantation
carried out by the Canadian Public Health Association in an arm’s length process from Health Canada, the ministry overseeing
government health policy and regulation. Focusing on six citizen fora conducted around the country patterned after the citizen
jury deliberative approach, the paper describes the citizen panelists’ recommendations to hold off on proceeding with clinical
trials and the rationales behind this recommendation. The consultation process is discussed in the context of constructive
technology assessment, a framework which argues for broader input into earlier stages of technology innovation, particularly
at the technology design stage.
This study was supported by a grant to the first author from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council in Canada. 相似文献
957.
Deferred imitation of object-related actions and generalization of imitation to similar but not identical tasks was assessed
in three human-reared (enculturated) chimpanzees, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years. Each ape displayed high levels of deferred
imitation and only slightly lower levels of generalization of imitation. The youngest two chimpanzees were more apt to generalize
the model's actions when they had displayed portions of the target behaviors at baseline, consistent with the idea that learning
is more likely to occur when working within the "zone of proximal development." We argue that generalization of imitation
is the best evidence to date of imitative learning in chimpanzees.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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