Learned Reduction of Drinking Latency

Arguments have been presented claiming that personality structure in the questionnaire medium can only be found by factor analyzing item data. To test this assumption, Cattell's 16PF, which was developed through factoring of parcels, was administered to 264 undergraduate students at the University of Illinois. Item data was factor analyzed, yielding essentially the same factor structure as produced by the original parceling.     

Impacto del consenso de grupo y el apoyo social en el significado del estímulo: Mediación de la reestructuración cognitiva en la conformidad

RESUMEN

Los autores realizan tres experimentos para probar la explicación de la conformidad basada en la reestructuración cognitiva. La hipótesis es que las personas reinterpretan el significado del objeto estimular cuando se enfrentan a respuesta impopulares de un grupo unánime, y que éste cambio en el significado lleva a un cambio de la respuesta hacia la postura del grupo. En la discusión se concluye que, en conjunto, los resultados de los tres experimentos proporcionan un fuerte apoyo a la hipótesis de que la reestructuración cognitiva del estímulo es uno de los mecanismos que determina el grado de desplazamiento de una persona hacia la postura de un grupo unánime (es decir, conformidad). El trabajo finaliza exponiendo la sospecha de los autores de que una interpretación de reestructuración cognitiva puede aplicarse genéricamente a muchas situaciones de influencia social más allá del paradigma de conformidad examinado en sus estudios.     

Rational emotive behavior therapy successes and failures: Eight personal perspectives

Eight experts in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) provided personal examples of their own successes and failures in applying REBT to themselves. The experts actively talked to themselves both rationally and irrationally. Understandably, there were far more shoulds, oughts, musts, and have to’s in the narratives in which the experts described when they failed to use REBT than when they succeeded in using REBT. Rational self-talk was more prevalent in the examples of how REBT was successfully used by the experts. Reprinted from Journal of Counseling & Development, Summer 2001, Volume 79. ACA. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction authorized without written permission from the American Counseling Association.     

Caring for infant daughters and sons in dual‐earner households: maternal reports of father involvement in weekday time and tasks

This study focused on maternal reports of gender differences in weekday father involvement with 12‐month‐olds in 47 dual‐earner households utilizing full time infant day care. Three involvement variables were considered: father's time alone with the infant; father's time available to the infant; and father participation in caregiving tasks. The results showed fathers to be available to sons significantly more than daughters. Fathers were also significantly more involved in caregiving tasks with sons than with daughters. There was no difference in father time alone with sons and daughters. Examination of these three involvement measures in relation to demographic, family environment, and infant temperament measures revealed that mothers' reported fathers as being available more to sons than to daughters. In addition, mothers reported fathers to be more available to temperamentally easy sons than to temperamentally difficult sons. Recommendations are made for future research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Therapist specific communication styles and patient resistance: An analogue study

Two contrasting pairs of verbal therapist communication styles were covaried with three areas of communication loci and were studied in relation to subjects' choices of resistant or resonant ‘patient responses’. Thirty medical students, serving as vicarious patients, observed a videotape of a simulated psychotherapy session and made response choices in relation to 12 therapists' well-specified communications. Contrary to expectations, subjects chose fewer resistant responses following engaged styles of communication than with disengaged styles. Collaborative style of communication, as hypothesized, was followed by less resistant responses than was unidirectional style. Communications that were cast in terms of transferential relationships were generally followed by significantly lower resistant choices than were those relating to past and current relationship loci. No gender differences were observed. Rationale, findings and possible inferences were in relation to dyadic interpersonal influences. Experimental manipulation of variables within psychotherapy sessions is encouraged.