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81.
While most studies using the task of reading spatially transformed text do not reveal evidence of specific perceptual transfer, a study by Masson (1986, Experiment 3) provides clear evidence of such effects. Several experiments were designed to identify the basis for this empirical discrepancy. The only substantive evidence of specific perceptual transfer occurred when the words were presented in an unfamiliar typography, although each study suggested a trend toward perceptual specificity effects. The results are discussed in terms of Graf and Ryan’s (1990) ideas about the role of distinctive memory representations. 相似文献
82.
The participation of adolescents in genetic research engenders unusual problems concerning the nature of their informed consent. In this study we analyze 70 consent documents collected from genetics investigators in the United States who conduct research with children and adolescents. We find that many consent documents do not reflect either the current or the developing ethical and legal standards for research with adolescents and that in many cases the documents are simply confusing or unclear. We make recommendations for change to reflect more adequately the changing perspective concerning the autonomous decision-making capacity of adolescents. 相似文献
83.
Research has suggested that comorbidity, the concurrence of substance abuse disorders with other psychiatric disorders, may have prognostic value and important implications for the treatment of substance abuse. Knowledge of the prevalence of comorbid disorder is important because it will enable treatment services to be appropriately configured and designed for clinical drug treatment populations. The form and duration of comorbidity may be influenced by a variety of factors, which include the class of drug being abused, the duration of drug use, the individual sensitivity to drug effects, and whether the drug effects are acute or due to withdrawal or residual conditions. This paper addresses three important scientific questions: (1) What is the prevalence of comorbid disorders in a drug abuser population? (2) What is the stability of psychiatric diagnoses in a drug abuser population? (3) Does the existence of a comorbid disorder influence the outcome of drug abuse treatment? 相似文献
84.
85.
The present study investigated the neuropsychometric correlates of the Mini-Mental State Examination. 12 consecutive neurological referrals were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the WAIS--R. Pearson product-moment correlations suggest moderate association between scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and Wechsler Memory Scale but less robust relationships between scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination and WAIS--R Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs. 相似文献
86.
Keith D. Horton 《Memory & cognition》1989,17(3):283-291
The present study shows that previous attempts to demonstrate explicit memory for orientation of spatially transformed text were inconclusive. In the present experiments, subjects read spatially transformed sentences and were then given a recognition test that permitted the use of only nonsemantic information. The results revealed clear evidence of incidental retention of nonsemantic information on an immediate test, no improvement in performance under intentional learning conditions, reduced but still better than chance retention following a 48-h delay, and little change in performance with anomalous sentences. These and other results involving the reading of spatially transformed materials are discussed in terms of the interaction of processing requirements at encoding and retrieval. 相似文献
87.
Horton LE 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1970,3(3):205-211
The generalization of conditioned aggressive and nonaggressive responses in a group of six adolescent delinquent boys was investigated. Responses were reinforced in card games where a token reinforcement system with money as a back-up rinforcer was used. Conditioning of responses was rapid. Generalization, measured in terms of frequency of physical contact, was tested in a group game for which no reinforcement was given. Generalization occurred during aggressive contingencies. During nonaggressive contingencies, responses did not return completely to the baseline level. 相似文献
88.
89.
Douglas Horton 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,11(4):152-188
This paper reports on the author’s experiences as manager of a capacity-building project in Latin America. The project aimed
to strengthen planning, monitoring, and evaluation (PM&E) in agricultural research. Nine lessons are drawn: (1) Project design
is much more than a technical process; it is essentially one of negotiation. (2) In capacity-building projects, design activities
cannot end when implementation begins. (3) Capacity-building efforts should prepare managers to deal with complexity, uncertainty
and change. (4) In capacity-building efforts, it is essential to collaborate rather than patronize. (5) Organizational assessment
is a complex social process, intertwined with organizational politics. (6) In designing capacity-building projects, it is
essential to involve managers and staff members in assessing needs and opportunities. (7) Action-learning strategies offer
great potential for capacity building. (8) In the context of strategic management and organizational learning, PM&E take on
new meanings. (9) Training is most effective when it is designed to serve a purpose within an organizational change process.
It is concluded that capacity building is more a process of social experimentation than of social engineering. Management
systems cannot be imported, but need to be developed within organizations. Development agencies should play catalytic, facilitating
roles, rather than take responsibility for organizational change. To support genuine capacity development, donors and funding
agencies need to ensure that their planning and accountability procedures foster flexibility, innovation, and learning.
Since joining ISNAR in 1990, he has engaged in research, training, and advisory work on research management, with an emphasis
on evaluation. Previously, for fifteen years Horton was head of the social science department of the International Potato
Center in Peru. Horton received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D.
in economics from Cornell University. His current interests include action research and learning, organizational assessment,
and institutionalization of planning, monitoring, and evaluation. 相似文献
90.
Dr. Horton's contribution was in his private capacity and was neither endorsed nor supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse. 相似文献