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71.
Daryl R. Van Tongeren Jeni L. Burnette Ernest O’Boyle Everett L. Worthington Jr. Donelson R. Forsyth 《The journal of positive psychology》2014,9(1):81-95
In the past decade, interest has flourished in the empirical study of forgiveness in the wake of intergroup conflicts. In the current paper, we sought to empirically integrate the diverse predictors of intergroup forgiveness building on a tripartite model that incorporates affective, cognitive, and constraining features. Using a random effects approach, we meta-analyzed (N = 13,371; k = 43) correlates of intergroup forgiveness across diverse conflicts (e.g. 65% intrastate, 35% interstate) and populations (20 different nationalities; 60% female). We tested the effect of nine distinct predictors and investigated study characteristics as moderators of these effects (i.e. sex of victim and conflict type). Collective guilt [r = 0.49] and trust [r = 0.42] emerged as the strongest facilitators, whereas negative emotions [r = ?0.33] and in-group identity [r = ?0.32] emerged as the strongest barriers to intergroup forgiveness. We discuss practical applications of these findings. 相似文献
72.
Don E. Davis Joshua N. Hook Daryl R. Van Tongeren Aubrey L. Gartner Everett L. Worthington Jr. 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(4):252-266
Rather than simply studying whether religious individuals are more forgiving than nonreligious individuals, recent research has focused on how religion may promote a more fluid and efficient forgiveness process. The present studies sought to strengthen evidence for a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness (Davis, Hook, & Worthington, 2008), given the reliance of prior studies on cross-sectional designs that did not control for hurtfulness of the offense. In Study 1, spiritual appraisals predicted unforgiveness, controlling for hurtfulness and other covariates. Furthermore, using structural equation modeling, empathy was found to partially mediate the relationship between spiritual appraisals and unforgiveness. In Study 2, participants (N = 123) completed a survey weekly for 6 weeks that included measures of relational spirituality and forgiveness. Appraisals of relational spirituality predicted subsequent unforgiveness, as well as the rate of decline in unforgiveness. Thus, using a more stringent test, we found additional evidence for the model. 相似文献
73.
A focus on the secure base phenomenon creates a framework for exploring the function of the attachment system in adulthood. Engaged couples (N = 157) were videotaped in a problem-solving interaction and assessed using the Secure Base Scoring System (SBSS), a system based on Ainsworth's analyses of infant-parent secure base use and support. Study 1 showed behavior was significantly related to representations assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview (M. Main & R. Goldwyn, 1994). In Study 2, the interactions were independently scored with the Rapid Marital Interaction Coding System (RMICS; R. E. Heyman & D. Vivian, 1993), a communication-based system. The SBSS predicted relationship variables beyond the RMICS, especially for women. Results indicate that the secure base phenomenon provides a cogent perspective on adult attachment behavior. 相似文献
74.
This study examined the stability of adult attachment representations across the transition to marriage. One hundred fifty-seven couples were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985), the Current Relationship Interview (J. A. Crowell & G. Owens, 1996), and measures describing relationship functioning and life events 3 months prior to their weddings and 18 months into their marriages. The authors tested the hypotheses that attachment classifications are stable and that change is related to experiences in the relationship and/or life events; 78% of the sample received the same primary AAI classification (secure, preoccupied, and dismissing) at both times. Change was toward increased security and was associated with feelings and cognitions about the relationship. Only 46% of participants initially classified as unresolved retained the classification. Stability of the unresolved classification was associated with stressful life events and relationship aggression. 相似文献
75.
Taxometric procedures such as mean above minus below a cut and maximum covariance can determine whether a trait is distributed as a discrete latent class. These methods have been used to infer taxonic structure in several personality and psychopathology constructs, often from analyses of rating scale data. This is problematic given (a) well established biases in ratings, (b) the human tendency to think categorically, and (c) implicit typological models of personality and psychopathology among expert raters. Using an experimental method in which the cognitive sets of raters were manipulated as dimensional versus categorical, it is demonstrated that pseudotaxonicity can be created readily with rating scale measures. This suggests that researchers avoid an exclusive reliance on rating scales when conducting taxometrics investigations. 相似文献
76.
77.
Michael E. McCullough Everett L. Worthington 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,73(6):626-634
A study of the influence of a counselor's treatment of a client's religious values, observers' religiosity, and their interaction on observers' perceptions of counseling (Morrow, Worthington, & McCullough, 1992) was partially replicated and extended. Religious beliefs were differentiated from religious values as determinants of observers' perceptions of counseling. Student observers (N = 148) viewed one of two videotaped counseling interactions in which a counselor either supported or challenged a client's religious values. Dividing observers into high and low levels of Christian belief did not result in their perceiving religiously supportive or challenging counseling differently. Dividing observers into high and low levels of religious values produced consistent differences in how they perceived religiously supportive and challenging counseling. Findings supported the theory that people with strong religious values perceive counseling differently than people with weaker religious values. 相似文献
78.
David Morrow Everett L. Worthington Michael E. McCullough 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1993,71(4):452-456
How a counselor treats a client's religious beliefs may affect perceptions of the counselor. Participants (N =102) of either high or low Christian commitment rated a videotaped excerpt from counseling in which a client's religious belief was either supported, ignored, or challenged. Participants' religious beliefs did not affect participants' ratings of the counselor. Results suggested, however, that most college students expect counselors to support a client's religious beliefs or attend to psychological (rather than religious) beliefs rather than challenge a client's religious beliefs. 相似文献
79.
Imitation and differential reinforcement were applied in training a speech-deficient retarded child 4 separate verbal answers to 4 “everyday” questions. Training was provided in only one setting with one experimenter. After the subject had acquired each answer-response in the training situation, probes for stimulus generalization were given by both the trainer and nontrainers. These probes tested the usage of both trained and nontrained question-answering responses under nontraining conditions. Use of the separately trained responses in nontraining contexts increased as training continued beyond the established learning criteria. A concurrent reinforcement procedure for all 4 answerresponses increased the overall generalization effects across individuals and settings; the use of differential reinforcement of nonverbal responses in the training setting decreased the overall generalization effects. 相似文献
80.
Thomas B. Scott Roger C. Wilcox Everett J. Fisher 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,45(2):176-178
Entering college students and their advisors—high school and college personnel—frequently assert that the student will do better academically by entering college during the summer term rather than during the fall term with its many extracurricular activities. Comparing the academic performances over the first two quarters of 320 summer quarter entrants with 320 fall quarter entrants at the University of Tennessee yielded no significant differences for season entered. The ACT composite score for each student was held constant by using analysis of covariance. Significant differences for year entered—1962 or 1963—were apparently a function of the lack of reliability in grading practices. The academic performance of entering students did not benefit from summer quarter entrance. 相似文献