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51.
Eve Garrard 《Philosophical explorations》2013,16(1):43-60
Abstract We readily claim that great moral catastrophes such as the Holocaust involve evil in some way, although it' not clear what this amounts to in a secular context. This paper seeks to provide a secular account of what evil is. It examines what is intuitively the most plausible account, namely that the evil act involves the production of great suffering (or other disvalue), and argues that such outcomes are neither necessary nor sufficient for an act to be evil. Only an appeal to distinctive patterns of motivation, so it is argued, will allow us to accommodate our intuitionsabout which acts are evil, and hence will provide an adequate account of the nature of evil. 相似文献
52.
Eve Sauer LeBarton Susan Goldin-Meadow Stephen Raudenbush 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(2):199-220
Differences in vocabulary that children bring with them to school can be traced back to the gestures they produced at the age of 1;2, which, in turn, can be traced back to the gestures their parents produced at the same age (Rowe & Goldin-Meadow, 2009a). We ask here whether child gesture can be experimentally increased and, if so, whether the increases lead to increases in spoken vocabulary. Fifteen children aged 1;5 participated in an 8-week at-home intervention study (6 weekly training sessions plus follow-up 2 weeks later) in which all were exposed to object words, but only some were told to point at the named objects. Before each training session and at follow-up, children interacted naturally with caregivers to establish a baseline against which changes in communication were measured. Children who were told to gesture increased the number of gesture meanings they conveyed, not only during training but also during interactions with caregivers. These experimentally induced increases in gesture led to larger spoken repertoires at follow-up. 相似文献
53.
Juliette Tobias-Webb Eve H. Limbrick-Oldfield Claire M. Gillan James W. Moore Michael R. F. Aitken 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(8):1732-1746
Illusory control refers to an effect in games of chance where features associated with skilful situations increase expectancies of success. Past work has operationalized illusory control in terms of subjective ratings or behaviour, with limited consideration of the relationship between these definitions, or the broader construct of agency. This study used a novel card-guessing task in 78 participants to investigate the relationship between subjective and behavioural illusory control. We compared trials in which participants (a) had no opportunity to exercise illusory control, (b) could exercise illusory control for free, or (c) could pay to exercise illusory control. Contingency Judgment and Intentional Binding tasks assessed explicit and implicit sense of agency, respectively. On the card-guessing task, confidence was higher when participants exerted control than in the baseline condition. In a complementary model, participants were more likely to exercise control when their confidence was high, and this effect was accentuated in the pay condition relative to the free condition. Decisions to pay were positively correlated with control ratings on the Contingency Judgment task, but were not significantly related to Intentional Binding. These results establish an association between subjective and behavioural illusory control and locate the construct within the cognitive literature on agency. 相似文献
54.
Satterthwaite TD Wolf DH Pinkham AE Ruparel K Elliott MA Valdez JN Overton E Seubert J Gur RE Gur RC Loughead J 《Brain and cognition》2011,76(3):353-363
Lesion and electrophysiological studies in animals provide evidence of opposing functions for subcortical nuclei such as the amygdala and ventral striatum, but the implications of these findings for emotion identification in humans remain poorly described. Here we report a high-resolution fMRI study in a sample of 39 healthy subjects who performed a well-characterized emotion identification task. As expected, the amygdala responded to THREAT (angry or fearful) faces more than NON-THREAT (sad or happy) faces. A functional connectivity analysis of the time series from an anatomically defined amygdala seed revealed a strong anticorrelation between the amygdala and the ventral striatum/ventral pallidum, consistent with an opposing role for these regions in during emotion identification. A second functional connectivity analysis (psychophysiological interaction) investigating relative connectivity on THREAT vs. NON-THREAT trials demonstrated that the amygdala had increased connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex during THREAT trials, whereas the ventral striatum demonstrated increased connectivity with the posterior hippocampus on NON-THREAT trials. These results indicate that activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum may be inversely related, and that both regions may provide opposing affective bias signals during emotion identification. 相似文献
55.
Killian A. Welch Stephen M. Lawrie Walter Muir Eve C. Johnstone 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):246-253
Schizophrenia and intellectual disability (ID) co-occur three times more than would be expected by chance. This has led to
speculation that a particular form of schizophrenia may give rise to both the symptoms of schizophrenia and the intellectual
impairment. If this was the case, one may expect the presentation of schizophrenia in an ID population to differ from that
in a population with average/high IQ. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken of studies comparing the clinical
presentation of schizophrenia in people with mild/borderline ID to that in people with average/high IQ. Five studies were
eligible for inclusion. Four reported more negative symptoms in the ID population, while two reported more positive symptoms.
Meta-analysis demonstrated that the ID population experienced more negative symptoms. The available evidence supports the
proposal that the clinical presentation of schizophrenia in an ID population differs from that in a population with normal
IQ. 相似文献
56.
Joseph A. Lowenstein Hartmut Blank James D. Sauer 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2010,7(1):59-73
A substantial proportion of line‐up identifications involving child eyewitnesses in the UK are conducted by police officers wearing uniform. This study examined the possibility that wearing a uniform constitutes an authority cue that adversely affects a child's ability to make accurate eyewitness identifications. Sixty participants aged 9–10 years old witnessed a staged crime and were later asked to identify a ‘burglar’ from a simultaneous line‐up using a 2 (uniform: present vs. absent) × 2 (target: present vs. absent) design. Children in the uniform present conditions made significantly more choices than children in the uniform absent conditions. More importantly, in the presence of a uniform, children made significantly more false identifications in target‐absent line‐ups. Analysis of supplementary, identification‐related variables (identification time and confidence, state anxiety) suggested that (1) the children experienced uncertainty if the target was absent from the line‐up, but (2) this uncertainty was not expressed when the line‐up administrator wore a uniform, leading to an increase in false identifications. Implications for line‐up administration procedures for children are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
57.
58.
Emma W. Marshall Jennifer L. Groscup Eve M. Brank Analay Perez Lori A. Hoetger 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2019,37(6):751-775
The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. As technology evolves, courts must examine Fourth Amendment concerns implicated by the introduction of new and enhanced police surveillance techniques. Recent Supreme Court cases have demonstrated a trend towards reconsidering the mechanical application of traditional Fourth Amendment doctrine to define the scope of constitutional protections for modern technological devices and personal data. The current research examined whether public opinion regarding privacy rights in electronic communications is in accordance with these Supreme Court rulings. Results suggest that cell phone location data is perceived as more private and deserving of protections than other types of location data, but the privacy of other types of information recorded on cell phones is valued even more than location data. These results have implications for the police and courts considering how the Fourth Amendment will apply to smart phone technologies. 相似文献
59.
Eyewitness identification decisions are vulnerable to various influences on witnesses' decision criteria that contribute to false identifications of innocent suspects and failures to choose perpetrators. An alternative procedure using confidence estimates to assess the degree of match between novel and previously viewed faces was investigated. Classification algorithms were applied to participants' confidence data to determine when a confidence value or pattern of confidence values indicated a positive response. Experiment 1 compared confidence group classification accuracy with a binary decision control group's accuracy on a standard old-new face recognition task and found superior accuracy for the confidence group for target-absent trials but not for target-present trials. Experiment 2 used a face mini-lineup task and found reduced target-present accuracy offset by large gains in target-absent accuracy. Using a standard lineup paradigm, Experiments 3 and 4 also found improved classification accuracy for target-absent lineups and, with a more sophisticated algorithm, for target-present lineups. This demonstrates the accessibility of evidence for recognition memory decisions and points to a more sensitive index of memory quality than is afforded by binary decisions. 相似文献
60.
Matthew L. Dixon Justin Ruppel Jay Pratt Eve De Rosa 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(2):418-423
We examined whether the selection mechanisms committed to the suppression of ignored stimuli can be modified by experience
to produce a sustained, rather than transient, change in behavior. Subjects repeatedly ignored the shape of stimuli, while
attending to their color. On subsequent attention to shape, there was a robust and sustained decrement in performance that
was selective to when shape was ignored across multiple-colortarget contexts, relative to a single-color-target context. Thus,
amount of time ignored was not sufficient to induce a sustained performance decrement. Moreover, in this group, individual
differences in initial color target selection were associated with the subsequent performance decrement when attending to
previously ignored stimuli. Accompanying this sustained decrement in performance was a transfer in the locus of suppression
from an exemplar (e.g., a circle) to a feature (i.e., shape) level of representation. These data suggest that learning can
influence attentional selection by sustained attentional suppression of ignored stimuli. 相似文献