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161.
Because complex organs taken from unequivocally dead people are not suitable for transplantation, human death has been redefined
so that it can be certified at some earlier stage in the dying process and thereby make viable organs available without legal
problems. Redefinitions based on concepts of "brain death" have underpinned transplant practice for many years although those
concepts have never found universal philosophical acceptance. Neither is there consensus about the clinical tests which have
been held sufficient to diagnose the irreversible cessation of all brain function – or as much of it as is deemed relevant
– while the body remains alive. 相似文献
162.
Hadjichristidis C Handley SJ Sloman SA Evans JS Over DE Stevenson RJ 《Memory & cognition》2007,35(8):2052-2059
The ability to entertain possibilities and draw inferences about them is essential to human intelligence. We examine the hypothesis that conditional if-then statements trigger a mental simulation process in which people suppose the antecedent (if statement) to be true and evaluate the consequent (then statement) in that context. On the assumption that supposing an event to be true increases belief that the event has occurred or will occur, this hypothesis is consistent with the claim that evaluating a conditional will heighten belief in its antecedent more than in its consequent. Two experiments, employing conditionals of the form If animal A has property X, then animal B will have property X, in which X was a property that people could not readily relate to the animals, supported this claim. The effect was stronger following the evaluation of conditionals with dissimilar animal categories. 相似文献
163.
This paper discusses the psychological and physiological correlates of inner-city violence on children, and the potential mediating and moderating roles of parents. Data are based on interviews regarding exposure to community violence (ECV), parenting practices, child distress, posttraumatic symptomology, and competence. Cardiovascular activation was also measured. Community violence exposure related to distress, posttraumatic symptomology, and incompetence. Harsh parenting related to aggression, distress, incompetence, and higher heart rates. Parenting moderated but did not mediate the effects of violence on measures of competence. High violence plus harsh parenting predicted lower levels of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Results are discussed within an ecological framework of parent–child relations and as they relate to the conclusion that children undergoing dual levels of stress may experience a dissociative response. 相似文献
164.
Jonathan St. B. T. Evans Simon J. Handley Catherine N. J. Harper 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2001,54(3):935-958
The present study extended the investigation of the belief bias effect in syllogistic reasoning in two ways: (1) The effect was studied under instructions to decide whether conclusions were possible, as well as necessary, given the premises; and (2) the effect was studied for types of syllogism where people rarely endorse the conclusions as well as those (valid and fallacious) where endorsements are common. Three experiments are reported, which show first that there is a marked tendency to reject unbelievable conclusions relative to abstract or neutral controls on all kinds of syllogism and under both types of instruction. There was also significant evidence of positive belief bias (increased acceptance of believable conclusions) and of interactions between belief bias effects and logical form. The results are discussed with particular respect to accounts of belief bias offered by theorists in the mental-model tradition. 相似文献
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169.
The purpose of this research was to examine the extent to which verbal statements of context influence psychiatric patients' perception of photographs of emotion (fear, anger, sadness, and happiness). The major findings showed that, when photographs were paired congruently with context statements, there were significant changes in agreement among subjects on two of the four emotion stimuli. There was significantly less agreement on the meaning of facial expressions when the stimuli for fear, anger, and happiness were accompanied by incongruent verbal statements than when they were viewed alone. These data appear to have implications for practitioners working with this population. 相似文献
170.
A new measure of selective attention was presented to 259 normal volunteers. The test was derived from earlier work which emphasized the importance of controlling the distracting conditions using a selective-attention paradigm. In the present study a paper-and-pencil, digit-cancellation format was introduced and the data documented a significant dissociation between tasks analogous to controlled search and automatic detection, two theoretically important aspects of selective attention. Presented is a discussion of similarities and differences of the new measure and classical methods of discriminating between controlled search and automatic detection and the potential significance of this discrimination in clinical neuropsychological investigations. 相似文献