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141.
Evan Thompson 《Synthese》2008,160(3):397-415
This paper sketches a phenomenological analysis of visual mental imagery and uses it to criticize representationalism and the internalist-versus-externalist framework for understanding consciousness. Contrary to internalist views of mental imagery imagery experience is not the experience of a phenomenal mental picture inspected by the mind’s eye, but rather the mental simulation of perceptual experience. Furthermore, there are experiential differences in perceiving and imagining that are not differences in the properties represented by these experiences. Therefore, externalist representationalism, which maintains that the properties of experience are the external properties represented by experience, is an inadequate account of conscious experience. 相似文献
142.
Risko EF Blais C Stolz JA Besner D 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(4):1044-1052
Proportion compatible manipulations are often used to index strategic processes in selective attention tasks. Here, a subtle confound in proportion compatible manipulations is considered. Specifically, as the proportion of compatible trials increases, the ratio of complete repetitions and complete alternations to partial repetitions increases on compatible trials but decreases on incompatible trials. This confound is demonstrated to lead to an overestimation in the magnitude of the proportion compatible effect in the context of both a Stroop and a Simon task. Implications for previous research and directions for future research using proportion compatible manipulations are discussed. 相似文献
143.
An increase in the proportion of spatially cued trials in the context of the covert orienting paradigm increases the magnitude
of the cuing effect. This proportion cued effect is widely interpreted to reflect a form of control. Specifically, it is argued
that participants strategically allocate attention as a function of the utility of the spatial cue. Here, an alternative explanation
of the proportion cued effect is proposed that does not require control. According to this account, the cue-target event forms
a compound cue and the proportion cued manipulation produces a relative disparity in the frequency with which particular compound
cues occur. Specifically, when the proportion of spatially cued trials is increased, the frequency of spatially cued cue-target
events increases and the frequency of spatially miscued cue-target events decreases, thus increasing the magnitude of the
cuing effect. The results of two experiments support this account. 相似文献
144.
The present study investigated the referential communication skills of children with imaginary companions (ICs). Twenty-two children with ICs aged between 4 and 6 years were compared to 22 children without ICs (NICs). The children were matched for age, gender, birth order, number of siblings, and parental education. All children completed the Test of Referential Communication (Camaioni, Ercolani & Lloyd, 1995). The results showed that the children with ICs performed better than the children without ICs on the speaker component of the task. In particular, the IC children were better able to identify a specific referent to their interlocutor than were the NIC children. Furthermore, the IC children described less redundant features of the target picture than did the NIC children. The children did not differ in the listening comprehension component of the task. Overall, the results suggest that the IC children had a better understanding of their interlocutor's information requirements in conversation. The role of pretend play in the development of communicative competence is discussed in light of these results. 相似文献
145.
In this response essay, we argue that Andy Clark’s assessment of our position on cyborgs is rooted in a misconception of the
notion of “interaction” that we advance. 相似文献
146.
Monkeys match and tally quantities across senses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We report here that monkeys can actively match the number of sounds they hear to the number of shapes they see and present the first evidence that monkeys sum over sounds and sights. In Experiment 1, two monkeys were trained to choose a simultaneous array of 1-9 squares that numerically matched a sample sequence of shapes or sounds. Monkeys numerically matched across (audio-visual) and within (visual-visual) modalities with equal accuracy and transferred to novel numerical values. In Experiment 2, monkeys presented with sample sequences of randomly ordered shapes or tones were able to choose an array of 2-9 squares that was the numerical sum of the shapes and sounds in the sample sequence. In both experiments, accuracy and reaction time depended on the ratio between the correct numerical match and incorrect choice. These findings suggest monkeys and humans share an abstract numerical code that can be divorced from the modality in which stimuli are first experienced. 相似文献
147.
Learning (not) to talk about race: when older children underperform in social categorization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present research identifies an anomaly in sociocognitive development, whereby younger children (8 and 9 years) outperform their older counterparts (10 and 11 years) in a basic categorization task in which the acknowledgment of racial difference facilitates performance. Though older children exhibit superior performance on a race-neutral version of the task, their tendency to avoid acknowledging race hinders objective success when race is a relevant category. That these findings emerge in late childhood, in a pattern counter to the normal developmental trajectory of increased cognitive expertise in categorization, suggests that this anomaly indicates the onset of a critical transition in human social development. 相似文献
148.
This paper is a critical examination of Harry Collins's investigation into a third form of knowledge, “interactional expertise.”
We argue that although Collins makes a genuine contribution to the phenomenological literature on expertise, his account requires
further critical evaluation and response due to pragmatic and ontological considerations. We contend that by refining (in
some questionable ways) the category of interactional expertise so as to create epistemological equivalence between activists,
sociologists, critics, journalists, and some science administrators, Collins potentially undermines the value that a more
rigorously construed concept of interactional expertise might have. We further show that Collins misunderstands the nature
of embodiment in a way that is exacerbated by the sociological perspective that he adopts. 相似文献
149.
We report on a study investigating 3–5‐year‐old children's use of gesture to resolve lexical ambiguity. Children were told three short stories that contained two homonym senses; for example, bat (flying mammal) and bat (sports equipment). They were then asked to re‐tell these stories to a second experimenter. The data were coded for the means that children used during attempts at disambiguation: speech, gesture, or a combination of the two. The results indicated that the 3‐year‐old children rarely disambiguated the two senses, mainly using deictic pointing gestures during attempts at disambiguation. In contrast, the 4‐year‐old children attempted to disambiguate the two senses more often, using a larger proportion of iconic gestures than the other children. The 5‐year‐old children used less iconic gestures than the 4‐year‐olds, but unlike the 3‐year‐olds, were able to disambiguate the senses through the verbal channel. The results highlight the value of gesture to the development of children's language and communication skills. 相似文献
150.