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291.
ABSTRACT— Across numerous domains, research has consistently linked decreased capacity for executive control to negative outcomes. Under some conditions, however, this deficit may translate into gains: When individuals' regulatory strategies are maladaptive, depletion of the resource fueling such strategies may facilitate positive outcomes, both intra- and interpersonally. We tested this prediction in the context of contentious intergroup interaction, a domain characterized by regulatory practices of questionable utility. White participants discussed approaches to campus diversity with a White or Black partner immediately after performing a depleting or control computer task. In intergroup encounters, depleted participants enjoyed the interaction more, exhibited less inhibited behavior, and seemed less prejudiced to Black observers than did control participants—converging evidence of beneficial effects. Although executive capacity typically sustains optimal functioning, these results indicate that, in some cases, it also can obstruct positive outcomes, not to mention the potential for open dialogue regarding divisive social issues. 相似文献
292.
Towards a reflexive framework for development: technology transfer after the empirical turn 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Evan Selinger 《Synthese》2009,168(3):377-403
The purpose of this essay is to: (1) detail how recent trends in philosophical theory have made it possible for philosophers
of technology to critically discuss technology transfer; (2) demonstrate that economic standards of assessment are conducive
to obscuring the hidden tradeoffs that technological practices, such as mobile phone use in Bangladesh, can engender; and
(3) provide the basis of an alternative model that can reflexively addresses dimensions of technology transfer that neo-classical
economic accounts occlude. 相似文献
293.
Diversity is widely celebrated in American society. But from a social psychological point of view, diversity ought to cause a number of problems, such as divisiveness and conflict. A resolution of this paradox is proposed: There are several kinds of diversity, with different profiles of costs and benefits. In particular, moral diversity is identified as being problematic and even self‐contradictory. Three studies of attitudes and desires for interaction among college students confirmed that moral diversity reduces desires for interaction more than does demographic diversity, and that both kinds of diversity are valued more in a classroom than in other social settings. These findings have important implications for discussions of diversity, multiculturalism, affirmative action, identity politics, and immigration policy. 相似文献
294.
The bulk of the research on the neural organization of metaphor comprehension has focused on nominal metaphors and the metaphoric relationships between word pairs. By contrast, little work has been conducted on predicate metaphors using verbs of motion such as “The man fell under her spell.” We examined predicate metaphors as compared to literal sentences of motion such as “The child fell under the slide” in an event-related, functional MRI study. Our results demonstrated greater activation in the left inferior frontal cortex and left lateral temporal lobe for predicate metaphors as compared to literal sentences, while no differences were seen in homologous areas of the right hemisphere. We suggest that the results support a neural organization principle for motion processing in which greater abstraction proceeds along a posterior-to-anterior axis within the lateral portion of the left temporal cortex. 相似文献
295.
Patrick Grim Randy Au Nancy Louie Robert Rosenberger William Braynen Evan Selinger Robb E. Eason 《Synthese》2008,163(2):273-297
Robustness has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating game-theoretic results, but talk of ‘robustness’
generally remains vague. What we offer here is a graphic measure for a particular kind of robustness (‘matrix robustness’),
using a three-dimensional display of the universe of 2 × 2 game theory. In such a measure specific games appear as specific
volumes (Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stag Hunt, etc.), allowing a graphic image of the extent of particular game-theoretic effects
in terms of those games. The measure also allows for an easy comparison between different effects in terms of matrix robustness.
Here we use the measure to compare the robustness of Tit for Tat’s well-known success in spatialized games (Axelrod, R. (1984).
The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books; Grim, P. et al. (1998). The philosophical computer: Exploratory essays in philosophical computer modeling. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) with the robustness of a recent game-theoretic model of the contact hypothesis regarding prejudice
reduction (Grim et al. 2005. Public Affairs Quarterly, 19, 95–125). 相似文献
296.
Evan Selinger 《Human Studies》2008,31(1):27-41
Recent debates about the Grameen Bank’s microlending practices depict participating female borrowers as having fundamentally
empowering or disempowering experiences. I argue that this discursive framework may be too reductive: it can conceal how technique
and technology simultaneously facilitate relations of dependence and independence; and it can diminish our capacity to understand
and assess innovative development initiatives.
相似文献
Evan SelingerEmail: |
297.
298.
Hartshorne and Ullman (2006 ) presented naturalistic language data from 25 children (15 boys, 10 girls) and showed that girls produced more past tense overregularization errors than did boys. In particular, girls were more likely to overregularize irregular verbs whose stems share phonological similarities with regular verbs. It was argued that the result supported the Declarative/Procedural model of language, a neuropsychological analogue of the dual‐route approach to language. In the current study we present experimental data that are inconsistent with these naturalistic data. Eighty children (40 males, 40 females) aged 5;0–6;9 completed a past tense elicitation task, a test of declarative memory, and a test of non‐verbal intelligence. The results revealed no sex differences on any of the measures. Instead, the best predictors of overregularization rates were item‐level features of the test verbs. We discuss the results within the context of dual versus single route debate on past tense acquisition. 相似文献
299.
300.
TheSimon effect refers to the observation that subjects identify targets (e.g., colors) faster when the irrelevant spatial location of the
target corresponds to the location of the response key. Theoretical accounts of the Simon effect typically explain performance
in terms of automatic and controlled processes. Furthermore, the relative contributions of automatic and controlled processes
are held to change as a function of the proportion of compatible to incompatible trials (compatibility proportion). Data are presented demonstrating that the reliability of the Simon effect, indexed by correlating its magnitude within
subjects across blocks of trials, varied substantially as a function of the compatibility proportion. When the compatibility
proportion was high, so was reliability. When the compatibility proportion was low, reliability was low as well. The results
are discussed in terms of the relative reliability of automatic and controlled processes and the role of working memory and
attentional control in goal maintenance. 相似文献