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31.
Heit E 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2000,7(4):569-592
This paper reviews the main psychological phenomena of inductive reasoning, covering 25 years of experimental and model-based research, in particular addressing four questions. First, what makes a case or event generalizable to other cases? Second, what makes a set of cases generalizable? Third, what makes a property or predicate projectable? Fourth, how do psychological models of induction address these results? The key results in inductive reasoning are outlined, and several recent models, including a new Bayesian account, are evaluated with respect to these results. In addition, future directions for experimental and model-based work are proposed. 相似文献
32.
Relational frame theory,acceptance and commitment therapy,and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lindsay?Fletcher Steven?C.?HayesEmail author 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2005,23(4):315-336
The present article interprets mindfulness from the point of view of the effects of language and cognition on human action. Relational Frame Theory is described to show how human suffering is created by entanglement with the cognitive networks made possible by language. Mindfulness can be understood as a collection of related processes that function to undermine the dominance of verbal networks, especially involving temporal and evaluative relations. These processes include acceptance, defusion, contact with the present moment, and the transcendent sense of self. Each of these components of mindfulness are targeted in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and there is some evidence that they underlie the therapeutic changes induced by this approach. The relation between the present approach to mindfulness and other approaches is discussed. 相似文献
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Visual word recognition is commonly argued to be automatic in the sense that it is obligatory and ballistic. The present experiments
combined Stroop and visual search paradigms to provide a novel test of this claim. An array of three, five, or seven words
including one colored target (a word in Experiments 1 and 2, a bar in Experiment 3) was presented to participants. An irrelevant
color word also appeared in the display and was either integrated with or separated from the colored target. The participants
classified the color of the single colored item in Experiments 1 and 3 and determined whether a target color was present or
absent in Experiment 2. A Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 1 when the color word and the color target were integral,
but not when the color word and the color target were separated. No Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 2. Visual word
recognition is contingent on both the distribution of spatial attention and task demands. 相似文献
35.
Orienting to a signal source is widely viewed asautomatic in the sense that it is triggered by the stimulus. However, this behavior is typically assessed in a context in which the
subject knows beforehand what he or she has to do. In the present experiments, the role of task set was investigated by having
the response vary randomly from trial to trial. On some trials, a cue signaled the subject to respond, and on the remaining
trials, another cue signaled the subject to withhold a response. Stimulus contrast and temporal overlap between task cue and
target were manipulated. The effect of a reduction in stimulus contrast was sometimes absorbed into the time taken to decode
the cue, but critically, other times not. These results highlight the theoretical importance of considering task set as an
essential element in processing, and they undermine the theoretical claim that putatively automatic processes are not subject
to interference from other mental activities. 相似文献
36.
Three theoretical models have been proposed to represent self-concept: (a) unidimensional; (b) multidimensional; (c) multidimensional hierarchical. Inventories have been developed under each of the three competing theoretical models; which model best represents self-concept is unclear. Typically, self-concept construct validation has utilized various approaches including correlational, multitrait-multimethod, and factor analytic methods. Another method, however, for assessing validity would be to determine the consequences of score interpretations using different measures specific to each of the theoretical models. This paper examined Messick's notion (1989) of the validity of test-score interpretations as applied to three of the most widely used measures derived under each of the three different theoretical models of self-concept. Results suggest that overall multidimensional measures are more consistent in classifying individual's self-concept than unidimensional measures. 相似文献
37.
Heit E Briggs J Bott L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2004,30(5):1065-1081
The authors conducted 3 experiments addressing the issue of how observations and multiple sources of prior knowledge are put together in category learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, learning was faster for critical features, which were predictable on the basis of prior knowledge, than for filler features, and this advantage increased as more observations were made. In addition, learning was fastest for incongruent features that could only be predicted using knowledge from other domains. In Experiment 3, presenting contradictory features that violated prior knowledge led to rote learning rather than use of prior knowledge. The results were simulated with the Baywatch model, which addresses how observations of category members lead to recruitment and selection of sources of prior knowledge. 相似文献
38.
Life and mind: From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology. A tribute to Francisco Varela 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Evan Thompson 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2004,3(4):381-398
This talk, delivered at De l'autopoièse à la neurophénoménologie: un hommage à Francisco Varela; from autopoiesis to neurophenomenology: a tribute to Francisco Varela, June 18–20, at the Sorbonne in Paris, explicates several links between Varela's neurophenomenology and his biological concept of autopoiesis. 相似文献
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