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191.
Eva F. Amrullah 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(2):135-160
This article addresses the novel phenomenon of the attachment of women from privileged backgrounds to the Tablighi Jamā‘at
movement in Indonesia. How to understand the involvement of these urban wealthy women who eventually give up their high-class
lifestyles for the sake of their new understanding of Islam? The common stereotype of Tablighi Jamā‘at women is that they are oppressed, cannot exercise agency,
and do not contribute to the development of the movement. However, based on an ethnographic study of middle and upper-class
Tablighi Jamā‘at women, I found that their passion to return to the true path of Islam and the commitments it embodies have
made them aware of their capacity to exercise agency within the movement’s structuring conditions. The women’s privileged
social background has enabled them to embrace the meaning of being active in a religious group. The most notable contribution
of these women is their effort in undertaking recruitment and sustaining this religious network of shared meaning with their
colleagues. Within these activities they are social agents, not just tools of the movement’s men. 相似文献
192.
Eva Wiese Jan Zwickel Hermann Josef Müller 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(5):967-982
In three experiments, we investigated the spatial allocation of attention in response to central gaze cues. In particular, we examined whether the allocation of attentional resources is influenced by context information—that is, the presence or absence of reference objects (i.e., placeholders) in the periphery. On each trial, gaze cues were followed by a target stimulus to which participants had to respond by keypress or by performing a target-directed saccade. Targets were presented either in an empty visual field (Exps. 1 and 2) or in previewed location placeholders (Exp. 3) and appeared at one of either 18 (Exp. 1) or six (Exps. 2 and 3) possible positions. The spatial distribution of attention was determined by comparing response times as a function of the distance between the cued and target positions. Gaze cueing was not specific to the exact cued position, but instead generalized equally to all positions in the cued hemifield, when no context information was provided. However, gaze direction induced a facilitation effect specific to the exact gazed-at position when reference objects were presented. We concluded that the presence of possible objects in the periphery to which gaze cues could refer is a prerequisite for attention shifts being specific to the gazed-at position. 相似文献
193.
The relationships between repetition- and form-priming effects and neighborhood density were analyzed in two masked priming experiments with the lexical decision task. Given that form-priming effects appear to be influenced by a word’s orthographic neighborhood, it is theoretically important to find out whether repetition priming also differs as a function of the word’s orthographic neighborhood. Within an activation framework, repetition- and form-priming effects are just quantitatively different phenomena, whereas the two effects are qualitatively different in a serial-ordered model of lexical access (theentry-opening model). The results show that repetition- and form-priming effects were stronger forhermit words than for words with many neighbors. These results pose some problems for both activation and serial-ordered models. The implications of these results for determining how neighbors affect the identification of a word are discussed. 相似文献
194.
Two experiments (one with healthy adult volunteers and the other with controls and dysexecutive patients) assessed the impact of interruptions on a novel test of multitasking. The test involved switching repeatedly between four tasks (block construction, bead threading, paper folding, alphabetical searching) over a 10 min period. In Experiment 1, there were four groups of 20 healthy participants. One group attempted multitasking with no interruption, a second group was interrupted early in the test, a third group late in the test and a fourth group was interrupted both early and late. Interruption involved carrying out a fifth, unexpected task for a period of 1 min before returning to the four main tasks. There was no difference in multitasking performance between the groups. In Experiment 2 the participants were seven dysexecutive patients and 14 age-matched controls. A repeated measures approach was employed to assess the impact of two interruptions (early and late) for both groups. Contrary to predictions, the patients as well as controls were resistant to the effects of interruptions, despite their clearly impaired multitasking performance. These results suggest that the ability to deal with interruptions may be separable from the ability to organise and execute multiple tasks within a limited time frame. 相似文献
195.
Learning and transfer from a simple dynamic system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jensen E 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2005,46(2):119-131
The amount of learning gained from being assisted in completing the task of bringing a predator-prey system into equilibrium by controlling the predator population was investigated. Learning was explored both by post-task questioning and by testing for transfer to another predator-prey task. Participants were 28 undergraduate psychology students, all female. They were randomly and evenly split into an experiment group that was subjected to a learning session with the first task before being tested in the second task, and a control group that only performed the second task. What was most needed in the first task was help in sticking to analytically derived conclusions by resisting "common sense" responses. There was a significant transfer effect on performance to the second task, stemming from learning shown by half the participants in the experiment group. The other half showed hardly any learning. Learning in about half the subjects has proven a stable finding. 相似文献
196.
Daniel?DavidEmail author Aurora?Szentagotai Kallay?Eva Bianca?Macavei 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2005,23(3):175-221
The article presents a synopsis on rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), its fundamental theoretical framework, its applications,
and future directions. The paper is organized according to the following structure: in part one, REBT fundamental/basic research
is discussed; in the second part clinical/applied research in REBT is presented, including aspects of efficacy and effectiveness,
discrimination of disorders for which REBT works most effectively, and its relations to other therapies. Uses and misuses
of REBT and their impact on research and future developments are presented as well. While it is true that REBT research has
many shortcomings, the overgeneralization and/or magnification of the negative, and the minimization of the positive are dysfunctional
beliefs that maintain the false idea in the field that REBT has few empirical studies and that REBT research is in serious
trouble. A balanced approach, analyzing both the strengths and weakness, suggest that REBT has hundreds of research articles
and that high-quality studies tend to support REBT’s basic theory and efficacy. However, to strengthen this conclusion and
to fully explore the potential of REBT, shortcomings of REBT research need to be corrected, and high-quality studies promoted.
This is particularly important since, although effective, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies have not yet reached “the desired
standard” of efficacy and effectiveness, as about 30–40% of people are still nonresponsive to these interventions Thus, REBT
could be a platform of reinvigorating empirical studies on the efficacy/effectiveness and theory of cognitive-behavioral models
of psychopathology and human functioning.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Biobehavioral and Integrative Medicine Programs, New York, USA. 相似文献
197.
Response selection involves executive control: Evidence from the selective interference paradigm 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
In the present study, we investigated whether response selection involves executive control, using the selective interference paradigm within Baddeley's (1986) working memory framework. The interference from response selection was estimated by comparing the patterns of dual-task interference of simple and choice RT tasks with those of a number of established working memory tasks. In Experiment 1, we compared impairment of forward and backward verbal serial recall from the RT tasks and articulatory suppression. Experiment 2 measured the adverse effects of the RT tasks and matrix tapping on forward and backward visuospatial serial recall. Finally, in Experiment 3, we examined the impairment from the RT tasks with two measures of executive control--namely, letter and category fluency. Altogether, the three experiments demonstrated that response selection interferes with executive control and that the interference is not produced at the level of working memory's slave systems, which supports the assumption of executive involvement in response selection. 相似文献
198.
Laura?CretiEmail author Eva?Libman Sally?Bailes Catherine?S.?Fichten 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(2):153-164
Effectiveness of two modified stimulus control insomnia interventions plus daily sleep self-monitoring for managing insomnia was investigated in a community sample of older adults. Significant post intervention improvement was observed in both interventions as well as in a self-monitoring only control condition. This unexpected finding led us to question the role of self-monitoring as a potential mediator of therapeutic change. Therefore, we compared long-term follow-up data from treated participants to data from similarly poor sleepers who only completed the questionnaire battery at Pre-test and long term follow-up, with no intervening treatment or self-monitoring. Both groups of poor sleepers reduced their reported amount of nocturnal wakefulness. However, only treated participants improved on their perceived frequency of insomnia episodes and insomnia-related distress. Our findings have implications both for the definition and the treatment of insomnia. 相似文献
199.
One significant limitation in research extending the construct of psychopathy to youth has been the absence of longitudinal studies testing the stability of psychopathic traits prior to adulthood. To begin to address this limitation, the current study estimated the stability of psychopathic traits over a 4 year period in a sample of non-referred children in the third, fourth, sixth, and seventh grades at the first assessment. For parent ratings of psychopathic traits, stability estimates using intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.80 to 0.88 across 2-4 years, with a stability estimate of 0.93 across all four assessments. There were also distinct trends in the patterns of stability found in the sample. Specifically, children rated as being initially high on these traits were more likely to be rated lower at later assessments than was the case for children rated initially low on these traits. Finally, the child's level of conduct problems, the socioeconomic status of the child's family, and the quality of parenting the child received were the most consistent predictors of stability of psychopathic traits. 相似文献
200.
In two experiments, we investigated the creation of conceptual analogies to a contrast between vowels. An ordering procedure was used to determine the reliability of simple sensory and abstract analogies to vowel contrasts composed by naive volunteers. The results indicate that test subjects compose stable and consistent analogies to a meaningless segmental linguistic contrast, some invoking simple and complex relational properties. Although in the literature of psychophysics such facility has been explained as an effect of sensory analysis, the present studies indicate the action of a far subtler and more versatile cognitive function akin to the creation of meaning in figurative language. 相似文献