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161.
This study investigates the relation between temperament and information processing in 7-month-old infants. Infant temperament was assessed on multiple dimensions, using mothers' ratings on the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Information processing was measured during a paired-comparison visual categorization task. Infants (N=50) were familiarized with five different pairs of visual stimuli from one category, followed by two test trials, each contrasting a novel familiar-category item with a novel out-of-category item (animals vs. vehicles). Drop-out rate in this task was within a normal range (21%). No differences in temperament were found between completers and non-completers, but high reactivity to novelty and low motor activity were positively correlated with the strength of infants' familiarization response. Group comparisons between infants scoring high and low on these two dimensions of temperament confirmed this general finding: infants high on distress to novelty and low on motor activity showed stronger familiarization responses. Furthermore, infants scoring low on motor activity showed a stronger categorization response than highly active infants. This study provides evidence that performance in a cognitive categorization task and dimensions of infant temperament are systematically related during the second half of the first year of life. Implications for cognitive research with infants of this age-range will be discussed. 相似文献
162.
Types of Aggression,Responsiveness to Provocation,and Callous-unemotional Traits in Detained Adolescents 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The present study investigated differences in the behavioral and psychophysiological responses to provocation and in the level of callous-unemotional traits in boys exhibiting different patterns of aggression. Eighty-five boys (ages 13-18) in a juvenile detention center played a competitive computer task against a hypothetical peer who provided low and high levels of provocation. Youth high on both self-reported reactive and proactive aggression showed different behavioral responses to provocation than youth high on only reactive aggression. Specifically, the combined group showed high levels of aggressive responses without any provocation, whereas the group high on reactive aggression showed an increase in aggressive responding to low provocation. Further, results revealed a trend for the combined group to show lower levels of skin conductance reactivity to low provocation if they were also high on callous-unemotional traits. 相似文献
163.
The present study investigates the joint effect of the quantity and quality of out-of-school activities (i.e., employment and leisure) on academic outcomes (i.e., well-being, study attitude, and academic performance) among 230 undergraduates. A series of hierarchical regression analyses show that spending too much time in both employment and leisure activities has negative relations with undergraduates’ academic outcomes. Work-study interference fully mediated the effect of time engagement in student employment on students’ reported well-being. These findings support a conflict perspective on multiple role engagement. However, results also show positive effects of activities depending on job demand and autonomy and level of autonomous motivation to engage in these activities. We conclude that out-of-school activities can be beneficial for students’ academic outcomes and preparation for the labor market when perceived as relevant for their academic study and performed in a balanced, autonomous way. 相似文献
164.
Eva Jonas Eva Traut-Mattausch Dieter Frey Jeff Greenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1180-1186
Research on the phenomenon of selective exposure to information demonstrates that after preliminary or final decisions, people show a preference for supporting rather than conflicting information (confirmation bias). In this article, we examine conditions that increase or decrease distortions in the search for information. We report on four experiments indicating that the confirmation bias is influenced by whether people focus on their decision or on the presented pieces of information during the information search. Focusing on the decision, for example, because a reward for a correct decision is promised or simply because participants repeatedly think of it, increases the confirmation bias. On the other hand, if participants focus on the available pieces of information because they have to invest money in order to search for information or because they have to evaluate the individual pieces of information, the confirmation bias decreases. Implications for theoretical understanding and interventions for decision-making situations are discussed. 相似文献
165.
Using Tiffany's (1990) cognitive model of drug use and craving as a theoretical basis, the present experiments investigated whether cravings for food expend limited cognitive resources. Cognitive performance was assessed by simple reaction time (Experiment 1) and an established measure of working memory capacity, the operation span task (Experiment 2). In each experiment, female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a craving or control condition. Participants in the craving condition abstained from eating chocolate for 24 hours prior to testing and performed the cognitive task in the presence of chocolate, a manipulation that successfully elicited chocolate cravings. In both experiments, there was no main effect of craving condition on cognition, but there was a significant interaction between condition and trait chocolate craving. In support of Tiffany's model, our results show that habitual food cravers direct limited cognitive resources to craving-related cues, at the cost of competing cognitive demands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
166.
Osinsky R Reuter M Küpper Y Schmitz A Kozyra E Alexander N Hennig J 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2008,8(4):584-588
The 5-HTTLPR is an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene. Prior research has revealed associations between the short-allele variant of this polymorphism, enhanced self-reported negative emotionality, and hypersensitivity of fear relevant neural circuits. In a sample of 50 healthy women we examined the role of 5-HTTLPR for cognitive-affective processing of phylogenetical fear-relevant stimuli (spiders) in a dot probe task. In contrast to homozygote long-allele carriers (ll), participants carrying at least 1 short allele (ss and sl) selectively shifted attention toward pictures of spiders, when these were presented for a duration of 2,000 ms. These results argue for an involvement of 5-HTTLPR in cognitive processing of threatening stimuli and thus, underpin its general role for individual differences in negative affect. 相似文献
167.
This study examined whether ruminative style moderated the effects of expressive writing. Sixty-nine participants were assessed for ruminative style and depression symptoms at the beginning of their 1st college semester. Participants were then randomized to either an expressive writing or a control writing condition. Changes in depression symptoms were assessed 2, 4, and 6 months later. Results showed that a brooding ruminative style moderated the effects of expressive writing such that among those assigned to the expressive writing condition, individuals with greater brooding scores reported significantly fewer depression symptoms at all of the follow-up assessments relative to individuals with lower brooding scores. In contrast, reflective pondering ruminative style did not moderate the effects of expressive writing on depression symptoms. These findings suggest that expressive writing could be used as a means of reducing depression symptoms among those with a maladaptive ruminative tendency to brood. 相似文献
168.
The Logic of Knowledge Based Obligation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deontic Logic goes back to Ernst Mally’s 1926 work, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens [Mally. E.: 1926, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens, Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz], where he presented
axioms for the notion ‘p ought to be the case’. Some difficulties were found in Mally’s axioms, and the field has much developed.
Logic of Knowledge goes back to Hintikka’s work Knowledge and Belief [Hintikka, J.: 1962, Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions, Cornell University Press] in
which he proposed formal logics of knowledge and belief. This field has also developed quite a great deal and is now the subject
of the TARK conferences. However, there has been relatively little work combining the two notions of knowledge (belief) with the notion
of obligation. (See, however, [Lomuscio, A. and Sergot, M.: 2003, Studia Logica 75 63–92; Moore, R. C.: 1990, In J. F. Allen, J. Hendler and A. Tate (eds.), Readings in Planning, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA]) In this paper we point out that an agent’s obligations are often dependent on what the agent knows, and indeed one cannot reasonably be
expected to respond to a problem if one is not aware of its existence. For instance, a doctor cannot be expected to treat
a patient unless she is aware of the fact that he is sick, and this creates a secondary obligation on the patient or someone
else to inform the doctor of his situation. In other words, many obligations are situation dependent, and only apply in the
presence of the relevant information. Thus a case for combining Deontic Logic with the Logic of Knowledge is clear. We introduce the notion of knowledge based obligation and offer an S5, history based Kripke semantics to express this notion, as this semantics enables us to represent how information
is transmitted among agents and how knowledge changes over time as a result of communications. We consider both the case of
an absolute obligation (although dependent on information) as well as the (defeasible) notion of an obligation which may be
over-ridden by more relevant information. For instance a physician who is about to inject a patient with drug d may find out that the patient is allergic to d and that she should use d′ instead. Dealing with the second kind of case requires a resort to non-monotonic reasoning and the notion of justified belief which is stronger than plain belief, but weaker than absolute knowledge in that it can be over-ridden. This notion of justified
belief also creates a derived notion of default obligation where an agent has, as far as the agent knows, an obligation to
do some action a. A dramatic application of this notion is our analysis of the Kitty Genovese case where, in 1964, a young woman was stabbed
to death while 38 neighbours watched from their windows but did nothing. The reason was not indifference, but none of the
neighbours had even a default obligation to act, even though, as a group, they did have an obligation to take some action
to protect Kitty.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the conferences SEP-2004, and DALT-2004. 相似文献
169.
Gracie H. Boswell Eva Kahana Peggye Dilworth-Anderson 《Journal of religion and health》2006,45(4):587-602
The goal of this study was to examine stress-ameliorating effects of religiosity, spirituality, and healthy lifestyle behaviors
on the stressful relationship of chronic illness and the subjective physical well-being of 221 older adults. We also investigated
whether the intervening variables functioned as coping behaviors and orientations or as adaptations in late life. Guided by
the stress paradigm, path analysis was used to assess these relationships in a stress suppressor model and a distress deterrent
model. No suppressor effects were found; however a number of distress deterrent relationships were detected. Spirituality,
physical activities, and healthy diet all contributed to higher subjective physical well-being, as counter-balancing effects,
in the distress deterrent model. The findings have implications for future research on the role of spirituality, religiosity
and lifestyle behaviors on the well-being of chronically ill older adults. Findings also support the need for studying different
dimensions of religiosity and spirituality in an effort to understand coping versus adaptation in behaviors and orientations.
Gracie H. Boswell, Ph.D., M.Ed. (Case Western Reserve University) and (M. Ed.- Kent State University). She is a Carolina Program
in Health and Aging Research Scientist at the Institute on Aging- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research
interests have been social gerontology and quality of life, emphasizing religiosity/spirituality.
Eva Kahana, Ph.D. (University of Chicago) is Pierce T. and Elizabeth D. Robson Professor of Humanities and Director of the
Elderly Care Research Center- Case Western Reserve University. Her research concentration has been the sociology of aging
(coping & stress and institutionalization).
Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, Ph.D. (Northwestern University) is Director- Center for Aging and Diversity, Institute on Aging,
Professor- School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Administration at University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. Her research interests have been caregiving and minority health disparities. 相似文献
170.
Eva Erman 《Res Publica》2006,12(3):249-275
Within liberal democratic theory, ‘democratic accountability’ denotes an aggregative method for linking political decisions to citizens’ preferences through representative institutions. Could such a notion be transferred to the global context of human rights? Various obstacles seem to block such a transfer: there are no ‘world citizens’ as such; many people in need of human rights are not citizens of constitutional democratic states; and the aggregative methods that are supposed to sustain the link are often used in favour of nation-state strategic action rather than human rights. So what could accountability mean in relation to human rights? This article argues that discourse theory offers resources for approaching these problems and for rethinking a normative notion of accountability in relation to human rights. It is suggested that accountability should link political decisions to universal agreements through global rights institutions and that the link should be sustained by deliberative rather than aggregative procedures. 相似文献