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991.
BIRGITTA BÖHM AIKO LUNDEQUIST ANN‐CHARLOTTE SMEDLER 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2010,51(5):376-384
Böhm, B., Lundequist, A. & Smedler, A.‐C. (2010). Visual‐motor and executive functions in children born preterm: The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test revisited. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 376–384. Visual‐motor development and executive functions were investigated with the Bender Test at age 5½ years in 175 children born preterm and 125 full‐term controls, within the longitudinal Stockholm Neonatal Project. Assessment also included WPPSI‐R and NEPSY neuropsychological battery for ages 4–7 ( Korkman, 1990 ). Bender protocols were scored according to Brannigan & Decker (2003) , Koppitz (1963) and a complementary neuropsychological scoring system (ABC), aimed at executive functions and developed for this study. Bender results by all three scoring systems were strongly related to overall cognitive level (Performance IQ), in both groups. The preterm group displayed inferior visual‐motor skills compared to controls also when controlling for IQ. The largest group differences were found on the ABC scoring, which shared unique variance with NEPSY tests of executive function. Multiple regression analyses showed that hyperactive behavior and inattention increased the risk for visual‐motor deficits in children born preterm, whereas no added risk was seen among hyperactive term children. Gender differences favoring girls were strongest within the preterm group, presumably reflecting the specific vulnerability of preterm boys. The results indicate that preterm children develop a different neurobehavioral organization from children born at term, and that the Bender test with a neuropsychological scoring is a useful tool in developmental screening around school start. 相似文献
992.
Kristján Kristjánsson 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(3):259-274
Emotion education is enjoying new-found popularity. This paper explores the ‘cosy consensus’ that seems to have developed
in education circles, according to which approaches to emotion education are immune from metaethical considerations such as
contrasting rationalist and sentimentalist views about the moral ontology of emotions. I spell out five common assumptions
of recent approaches to emotion education and explore their potential compatibility with four paradigmatic moral ontologies.
I argue that three of these ontologies fail to harmonise with the common assumptions. Either those three must therefore be
rejected or, if we want to retain one or more of them (for instance, Jesse Prinz’s recent rebranding of hard sentimentalism
that I explore in detail), we need to revise our assumptions about the practice of emotion education in ways that are both
radical and, I argue, ultimately unacceptable. 相似文献
993.
Earlier, we have studied computations possible by physical systems and by algorithms combined with physical systems. In particular, we have analysed the idea of using an experiment as an oracle to an abstract computational device, such as the Turing machine. The theory of composite machines of this kind can be used to understand (a) a Turing machine receiving extra computational power from a physical process, or (b) an experimenter modelled as a Turing machine performing a test of a known physical theory T. Our earlier work was based upon experiments in Newtonian mechanics. Here we extend the scope of the theory of experimental oracles beyond Newtonian mechanics to electrical theory. First, we specify an experiment that measures resistance using a Wheatstone bridge and start to classify the computational power of this experimental oracle using non-uniform complexity classes. Secondly, we show that modelling an experimenter and experimental procedure algorithmically imposes a limit on our ability to measure resistance by the Wheatstone bridge. The connection between the algorithm and physical test is mediated by a protocol controlling each query, especially the physical time taken by the experimenter. In our studies we find that physical experiments have an exponential time protocol; this we formulate as a general conjecture. Our theory proposes that measurability in Physics is subject to laws which are co-lateral effects of the limits of computability and computational complexity. 相似文献
994.
Andreas Kastenmüller Peter Fischer Eva Jonas Tobias Greitemeyer Dieter Frey Julia Köppl Nilüfer Aydin 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(5):837-846
Previous research has found that people prefer information that supports rather than conflicts with their decisions (selective exposure). In the present paper, we investigated whether selective exposure was influenced by the method of information collection. Based on Prospect Theory we hypothesized that the method of selection (MOS), where simply selected pieces of information are considered, would lead to a higher selective exposure compared to the method of elimination (MOE), where pieces of information are rejected and the remaining pieces of information are considered. In fact, we found that participants collected information more selectively when they were instructed to use the MOS compared to the MOE. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
André M. van der Laan René Veenstra Stefan Bogaerts Frank C. Verhulst Johan Ormel 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):339-351
This study uses a social-ecological approach to the development of delinquency. The authors emphasize that a balance between
eliminating risk and enhancing protection across domains is essential in reducing problems and promoting competence. The cumulative
risk and promotive effects of temperament, family and school factors in preadolescence were examined on different groups of
delinquents (based on self-report) in early adolescence. Data from the first two waves of the TRAILS study (N = 2,230) were used. The results provide evidence for a compensatory model that assumes main effects of risk and promotive
factors on problem behavior. Accumulation of risks in preadolescence promoted being a serious delinquent in early adolescence,
with the strongest effects for temperament. Accumulation of promotive effects decreased being a delinquent and supported being
a non-delinquent. Furthermore, evidence is found for a counter-balancing effect of cumulative promotive and risk factors.
Exposure to more promotive domains in the relative absence of risk domains decreased the percentage of serious delinquents.
Our results did not support a protective model. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
996.
Amandine Afonso Alan Blum Brian F. G. Katz Philippe Tarroux Grégoire Borst Michel Denis 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):591-604
When people scan mental images, their response times increase linearly with increases in the distance to be scanned, which
is generally taken as reflecting the fact that their internal representations incorporate the metric properties of the corresponding
objects. In view of this finding, we investigated the structural properties of spatial mental images created from nonvisual
sources in three groups (blindfolded sighted, late blind, and congenitally blind). In Experiment 1, blindfolded sighted and
late blind participants created metrically accurate spatial representations of a small-scale spatial configuration under both
verbal and haptic learning conditions. In Experiment 2, late and congenitally blind participants generated accurate spatial
mental images after both verbal and locomotor learning of a full-scale navigable space (created by an immersive audio virtual
reality system), whereas blindfolded sighted participants were selectively impaired in their ability to generate precise spatial
representations from locomotor experience. These results attest that in the context of a permanent lack of sight, encoding
spatial information on the basis of the most reliable currently functional system (the sensorimotor system) is crucial for
building a metrically accurate representation of a spatial environment. The results also highlight the potential of spatialized
audio-rendering technology for exploring the spatial representations of visually impaired participants. 相似文献
997.
Tamra J. Bireta Sheena E. Fry Annie Jalbert Ian Neath Aimée M. Surprenant Gerald Tehan Georgina Anne Tolan 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(3):279-291
Working memory was designed to explain four benchmark memory effects: the word length effect, the irrelevant speech effect, the acoustic confusion effect, and the concurrent articulation effect. However, almost all research thus far has used tests that emphasize forward recall. In four experiments, we examine whether
each effect is observable when the items are recalled in reverse order. Subjects did not know which recall direction would
be required until the time of test, ensuring that encoding processes would be identical for both recall directions. Contrary
to predictions of both the primacy model and the feature model, the benchmark memory effect was either absent or greatly attenuated
with backward recall, despite being present with forward recall. Direction of recall had no effect on the more difficult conditions
(e.g., long words, similar-sounding items, items presented with irrelevant speech, and items studied with concurrent articulation).
Several factors not considered by the primacy and feature models are noted, and a possible explanation within the framework
of the SIMPLE model is briefly presented. 相似文献
998.
Josée Poirier Katie Wolfinger Lisa Spellman Lewis P. Shapiro 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(5):411-427
Ellipsis refers to an element that is absent from the input but whose meaning can nonetheless be recovered from context. In
this cross-modal priming study, we examined the online processing of Sluicing, an ellipsis whose antecedent is an entire clause:
The handyman threw a book to the programmer but I don’t know which book the handyman threw to the programmerellipsis. To understand such an elliptical construction, the listener arguably must ‘fill in’ the missing material (“the handyman threw___
to the programmer”) based on that which occurs in the antecedent clause. We aimed to determine the point in time in which
reconstruction of the sluiced sentence is attempted and whether such a complex antecedent is re-accessed by the ellipsis.
Out of the two antecedent constituents for which we probed, only the Object (programmer) was found active in the elliptical clause, confirming that an antecedent is attributed to the sluice in real time. Possible
reasons for the non-observation of the Subject (handyman) are considered. We also suggest that ellipses are detected earlier in coordinated than subordinated sentences. 相似文献
999.
Referring to studies about addictive behaviors, the objective of this article is to present the validation of a new tool for the assessment of the addictive behaviors with or without substances: the Addictive Intensity Evaluation Questionnaire (AIEQ). Twelve different versions of the AIEQ have been administered to 354 participants in order to assess their addictive behaviors. The study of the factorial structure of the questionnaire and its reliability allow us considering the psychometric qualities of the AIEQ as satisfactory. The results suggest the existence of a continuum between the absence of addiction and the severe forms of addiction. The discussion section proposes a classification based on the severity of the addictive behaviors and applications of the use of the AIEQ. 相似文献
1000.
Dan Cavedon‐Taylor 《Ratio》2010,23(2):141-150
The claim that photographs are fictionally incompetent (i.e. that they can only depict those particulars they are appropriately causally related to) is argued by Noël Carroll, Gregory Currie, and Nigel Warburton to be falsified by cinematic works of fiction. In response I firstly argue that it does not follow from cinema's having a capacity for the representation of ficta that photography has a capacity for the representation of ficta. Secondly, and inspired by the work of Roger Scruton, I develop an account of how it is that cinema represents ficta on which this is fundamentally a matter of dramatic/theatrical representation. I argue that in cinematic fiction photography delivers a pre‐existent representation of ficta rather than creating or generating fictional content. With this being so, the claim that photography is fictionally incompetent is compatible with cinematic fiction. 1 相似文献