The chronic perseverative stuttering syndrome; Incurable stuttering

After recounting the story of Todd to illustrate the significance of the issue, the chronic perseverative stuttering (CPS) syndrome is defined and its characteristics identified. After a discussion of treatment goals for the CPS syndrome client, the significance of its identification in the client's teenage years and its relevance to support groups for stutterers, the paper concludes with a call for acknowledging the reality of the CPS syndrome and for establishing realistic therapy goals in view of its existence.     

Mental health symptoms,well-being and experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods practice-based study

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated abrupt and substantial changes in daily life, and public health strategies intended to protect physical health can negatively affect mental health and well-being, especially for individuals with pre-existing mental health challenges. For this study, we surveyed a sample of clients (N = 94) in the summer of 2020 from a community mental health clinic in the northeast United States. A mixed-methods, concurrent triangulation design was used to (a) identify client subgroups on indicators of mental health (i.e. anxious and depressive symptoms) and emotional, psychological, and social well-being using latent profile analysis (LPA), and (b) within these subgroups, examine qualitative, thematic patterns in self-described challenges, benefits and learning related to the pandemic. The LPA revealed five distinct subgroups with various levels of symptoms and well-being, including Stagnant (moderate symptoms/moderate well-being), Languishing (high symptoms/low well-being), Flourishing (low symptoms, high well-being), Fortitudinous (high symptoms, moderate well-being) and Mobilized (moderate symptoms, high well-being). These divergent subgroups support the need to conceptualise mental health symptoms apart from well-being and assess for heterogeneous constellations of such constructs among psychotherapy clients. Thematic analysis offered additional insight into pandemic experiences within each subgroup, including attention to psychological, emotional, behavioural/lifestyle, relational, physical and ecological/contextual dimensions of self-experience, as well as the ways clients had adjusted to the pandemic's circumstances. Findings support nuanced conceptualisations of positive mental health and offer insight into coping and adaptation during this public health crisis.     

Do depth shifts resulting from an interocular delay in stimulation result from a breakdown of binocular fusion?

Previous studies have shown that the introduction of an interocular delay in presentation to the two eyes of a briefly viewed, haploscopically presented object resulted in a rearward shift in the depth position of this object. The present study investigated the magnitude of this depth shift as a function of flash duration and determined the relationship of this magnitude to two-flash and simultaneity thresholds. It was found that depth shift magnitude decreased as flash duration increased, and that large depth shifts were associated with large two-flash thresholds. The hypothesis that depth shifts can occur within the temporal limits of binocular fusion was supported.     

The I-E scale,ideological bias,and political participation1

This study was undertaken to examine ambiguities in the ability of the I-E scale to predict complex social behavior. An analysis of the items in the I-E scale suggested that the scale might contain a conservative bias Further, it was suggested that responses to the items may be determined by the individual's political and social ideology, which in turn are influenced by the political and social norms to which he has been exposed The sample consisted of one parent and a college-aged child from 60 upper-middle-class families in which the parent was visible in the community for political and social participation, half the parents interviewed were liberal, and half conservative in their political views A number of measures of political and social participation were administered, along with a shortened version of the I-E scale The findings of the study supported the contention that the “internal” items on the I-E scale are more congenial to persons holding conservative political views than for those holding liberal views. Perceived internal causality, as measured by the I-E scale, was found to be nonsignificantly correlated with any of the measures of political participation for the parent sample, with five of the six correlations being in the opposite direction from that predicted by social learning theory The results of the study were discussed in terms of White's distinction between the “moralizer” and “reformer” approach to social problems The validity of the I-E scale as a measure of a stable personality trait was called into question, as was its usefulness in predicting complex social behavior     

A significance test for one parameter isosensitivity functions

A large-sample test for the significance of the difference between two detection data points is developed based upon the assumptions of a one-parameter signal detectability model. In essence, the null hypothesis tested is that two observed data points belong to the samed' function.Portions of this research were supported by Contract DA-49-193-MD-2713 between the University of Washington and the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command.Now at Teachers College, Columbia University.     

Escape behavior under different fixed ratios and shock intensities

The effects of ratio length and shock intensity on bar pressing were examined in three rats in two escape-from-shock experiments. In Experiment I, shock intensity was held constant while the schedule was varied from FR 1 to FR 20. The latency of the first escape response increased with FR length while the escape rate, computed as over-all rate in shock minus latency of the first response, decreased at FR 20. In Experiment II, the schedule was held constant at FR 5 while shock intensity was manipulated. Latency decreased as intensity increased, while escape rate increased with intensity, passing through a maximum for two subjects. Responses occurring during the last 100 sec of the 2-min escape period decreased as the FR increased for all subjects, and decreased as shock intensity increased for two subjects.     

The responsibility of engineers, appropriate technology, and lesser developed nations

Projects importing technology to lesser developed nations may raise five important concerns: famine resulting from substitution of cash crops for subsistence crops, the use of products banned in the United States but permitted overseas, the use of products safe in the U.S. but unsafe under local conditions, ecological consequences of technological change, and cultural disruption caused by displacing traditional ways of life. Are engineers responsible for the foreseeable hunger, environmental degradation, cultural disruption, and illness that results from the project? Are engineers guilty of paternalism if they refuse to accept the project for that reason? Criteria are given to help engineers assess the extent of their responsibility when working in lesser developed nations.