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391.
Robin S. Codding Tanya L. Eckert Erica Fanning Maria Shiyko Esther Solomon 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(2):125-141
The purpose of this study was to compare the isolated effects of cover-copy-compare (CCC) with the combined effects of CCC
and two types of performance feedback (i.e., digits correct and incorrect per minute) on sixth grade students’ mathematics
fluency and accuracy. An alternating treatments design was employed to compare treatments across 16 weeks. Participants included
three general education sixth grade students whose teachers recommended them for additional help with mathematics calculation.
No differentiation between treatments was demonstrated for any of the participants and individual differences pertaining to
the number of sessions needed to reach and consistently perform at mastery levels were found. Follow-up data at 4 and 12 days
following termination of the intervention phase indicated that all participants continued to perform at mastery levels. Generalization
to a slightly more difficult mathematics skill yielded pre-intervention to post-intervention increases, albeit small. Students
rated all three treatment conditions favorably. 相似文献
392.
Neural coding of reward magnitude in the orbitofrontal cortex of the rat during a five-odor olfactory discrimination task 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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van Duuren E Escámez FA Joosten RN Visser R Mulder AB Pennartz CM 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(6):446-456
The orbitofrontal cortex (OBFc) has been suggested to code the motivational value of environmental stimuli and to use this information for the flexible guidance of goal-directed behavior. To examine whether information regarding reward prediction is quantitatively represented in the rat OBFc, neural activity was recorded during an olfactory discrimination “go”/“no-go” task in which five different odor stimuli were predictive for various amounts of reward or an aversive reinforcer. Neural correlates related to both actual and expected reward magnitude were observed. Responses related to reward expectation occurred during the execution of the behavioral response toward the reward site and within a waiting period prior to reinforcement delivery. About one-half of these neurons demonstrated differential firing toward the different reward sizes. These data provide new and strong evidence that reward expectancy, regardless of reward magnitude, is coded by neurons of the rat OBFc, and are indicative for representation of quantitative information concerning expected reward. Moreover, neural correlates of reward expectancy appear to be distributed across both motor and nonmotor phases of the task. 相似文献
393.
Williams BR Strauss EH Hultsch DF Hunter MA 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(4):417-439
Age-related differences in inconsistency of reaction time (RT) across the life span were examined on a task with differing levels of demand on executive control. A total of 546 participants, aged 5 to 76 years, completed a spatial Stroop task that permitted observations under three conditions (congruent, incongruent, and neutral) according to the correspondence between the required response (based on stimulus direction) and stimulus location. An interference effect was observed across all ages. Analyses of neutral condition data replicated previous research demonstrating RT inconsistency follows a U-shaped developmental curve across the life span. The relationship between age and inconsistency, however, depended on condition: inconsistency in the congruent condition was higher than inconsistency in both the neutral and incongruent conditions across middle-aged groups. Reaction time inconsistency may reflect processing efficiency that is maximal in young adulthood and may also be sensitive to fluctuations in performance that reflect momentarily highly efficient responding. 相似文献
394.
RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION, AFFECTIVITY, AND GAY-SPECIFIC STRESSORS IN SAME-SEX COUPLES JOINED IN CIVIL UNIONS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jelica Todosijevic Esther D. Rothblum Sondra E. Solomon 《Psychology of women quarterly》2005,29(2):158-166
Relationship satisfaction, affect, and stress were examined in 313 same-sex couples who had had civil unions in Vermont during the first year of this legislation. Similarity between partners on age and on positive/negative affectivity was related to relationship satisfaction whereas there was no association with similarity in income, education, and outness. Lesbian couples ( n = 199), compared to gay male couples, reported experiencing more stress related to family reaction to their sexuality, whereas gay male couples ( n = 114) reported more stress surrounding the issues of HIV/AIDS and violence/harassment than did lesbian couples. This study is the first to examine within-couple factors among same-sex couples with legalized relationships. 相似文献
395.
Kwok Pui‐lan William P. Brown Steve Delamarter Thomas E. Frank Joretta L. Marshall Esther Menn Marcia Y. Riggs 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2005,8(1):35-46
Abstract. This collection of essays tackles thorny questions related to critical incidents in teaching. By using different pedagogical methods and techniques, each author provokes creative thinking about how to address specific concerns common to teaching. The authors demonstrate that the teaching and learning process must make room for – if not celebrate – the surprises that happen not only to the students, but to the teachers as well. The discussion of critical incidents helps to promote reflection on teaching practice and prompt insights into the intricate dynamics shaping the increasingly diverse learning community. Each individual essay is accompanied by reflection questions that can be used to spark conversation among colleagues and/or prompt further personal reflection on teaching and learning. 相似文献
396.
PhilipNieburg EstherSumartojo HaroldW.Jaffe 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2004,25(3):F003-F003
目标:为了使研究人员在提出研究计划初期就能得到相应的伦理知识,以便提高他们对伦理问题和推理的认识,从而改善研究计划的质量. 相似文献
397.
Esther Mombo 《The Ecumenical review》2019,71(4):449-460
This article considers the role of theological education in developing the ministry of the church and the need for it to be relevant to the realities and needs of the people it is to serve. The article considers three factors – racism, imperialism, and tribalism – that influence theological education in different ways. It then turns to a consideration of African‐American womanist theology and African women's theology – as reflected in the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians – and the similarities between these two approaches as expressions of liberation theology and their relevance for inclusive global theological education. 相似文献
398.
Calvete E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1083-1095
This study assessed the role of grandiosity and justification of violence cognitive schemas as predictors of adolescents’
antisocial behavior. The 974 Spanish adolescents (457 girls and 517 boys, aged between 14 and 18 years) were assessed at the
beginning of the school year and at follow-up 6 months later. They completed measures of aggressive behavior and delinquent
behavior, justification of violence and grandiosity cognitive schemas, and impulsivity. The results showed that grandiosity
and justification of violence schemas predicted both aggressive and delinquent behavior 6 months later and that the association
between grandiosity and aggressive behavior was moderated by impulsivity in boys. In general, the influence of the cognitive
schemas in antisocial behavior was very similar for boys and girls. However, boys showed higher delinquent behavior rates
than did girls and the tests of mediation revealed that this difference was partially accounted for by boys’ higher scores
in grandiosity and justification of violence. 相似文献
399.
CONTEXT: Unlike in other African countries, the fertility rate in Mali has remained at a relatively high rate of 6.8 births per woman. Little research exists on the role that community norms play in use of family planning, particularly in low-prevalence countries. METHODS: Data on 7,671 women in union from the 2001 Mali Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed using multilevel modeling techniques to assess the effects of individual and community factors on the adoption of modern contraceptive methods. RESULTS: Only 5% of women in union were using a modern contraceptive method in 2001. The odds of contraceptive use were elevated among women in the highest wealth quintile, women who approved and whose partner approved of family planning, those who had had recent discussions on family planning with their partner or others and those exposed to family planning messages (odds ratios, 1.4-2.7). At the community level, the odds of modern contraceptive use rose with the proportion of women who were exposed to family planning messages (5.5), and decreased as the mean number of births per woman rose (0.7). In the final model, which included both individual- and community-level factors, the community factors were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: Because approval of family planning and discussion of family planning with partners were shown to be the factors most strongly associated with modern contraceptive use in the multilevel model, programs that seek to increase individual approval and those that teach communication between partners could be particularly helpful to increasing contraceptive use in Mali. 相似文献
400.
Change detection in rapidly alternating pictures separated by a blank frame has been shown to be very difficult (e.g., [Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368-373]). The three experiments reported here focus on the mechanism behind detection. More specifically, we explored whether information about the stimulus material accumulates in visual memory and thereby improves change detection. For that purpose the first experiment varied the number of repetitions of the original and modified stimulus version. Results showed that detection improved with more repetitions. The second experiment demonstrated that repetition performance improved more when both the original and the modified picture were repeated. Finally, the third experiment strengthened these findings by showing poorer detection performance when the repetition sequence was randomized. Together, our findings suggest accumulation of information in memory over picture presentations and moreover improved performance when both picture types were repeated. These results underline the importance of developing representations for both picture versions in change detection. 相似文献