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221.
This paper provides an in-depth, qualitative analysis of two Christian youth groups. Researchers conducted personal interviews
with participating youth and their youth ministers and collected extensive field notes on participant observations of youth
group events. Findings indicate the presence of youth group cliques with clear delineations about which participants are youth
group insiders and which are outsiders. Results show that insider participants are typically socioeconomically-advantaged
youth, while outsiders are typically youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. Despite the existence of these exclusionary practices
within both groups, leaders in the two cases demonstrate differing levels of awareness of and response to these dynamics.
This paper explores the specifics of both cases, illuminating who is targeted for exclusion within these groups and how this
targeting varies across the two congregational contexts. Implications of these findings are that religious youth groups may
perpetuate broader socioeconomic divisions. Specifically, the analysis reveals that rather than forming benign cliques, youth
group members may be discriminating against others based on their relative socioeconomic advantage. 相似文献
222.
The illusion-of-transparency seems like an egocentric bias, in which people believe that their inner feelings, thoughts and
perspectives are more apparent to others than they actually are. In Experiment 1, participants read out true and false episodic memories to an audience. Participants over-estimated the number of people who would think that they were the liar, and they overestimated how many would correctly identify the liar. Experiment 2 found that with lessened task demands, and by using a scale of doubt, participants distinguished
lies from truthful statements (albeit with a degree of error). Over the two experiments, results indicated that people have
some ability to distinguish lies from truth (in illusion-of-transparency tasks), although people often overestimate this ability,
and participants sometimes think their own lies are easier to detect than is really the case. 相似文献
223.
Theo A. F. Kuipers 《Synthese》2012,184(1):63-71
It is argued that the conjunction effect has a disjunctive analog of strong interest for the realism–antirealism debate. It
is possible that a proper theory is more confirmed than its (more probable) observational sub-theory and hence than the latter’s
disjunctive equivalent, i.e., the disjunction of all proper theories that are empirically equivalent to the given one. This
is illustrated by a toy model. 相似文献
224.
Lydia Patton 《Synthese》2012,184(3):235-246
I examine the role of inference from experiment in theory building. What are the options open to the scientific community when faced with an experimental result that appears to be in conflict with accepted theory? I distinguish, in Laudan’s (1977), Nickels’s (1981), and Franklin’s (1993) sense, between the context of pursuit and the context of justification of a scientific theory. Making this distinction allows for a productive middle position between epistemic realism and constructivism. The decision to pursue a new or a revised theory in response to the new evidence may not be fully rationally determined. Nonetheless, it is possible to distinguish the question of whether there is reason to pursue a theory from the question of whether that theory, once it has been pursued over time, solves a problem of interest to science. I argue that, in this context, there is a solid way to distinguish between the contexts of pursuit and of justification, on the basis of a theory’s evidential support and problem-solving ability. 相似文献
225.
Mark A. Bedau 《Synthese》2012,185(1):73-88
This paper describes and defends the view that minimal chemical life essentially involves the chemical integration of three
chemical functionalities: containment, metabolism, and program (Rasmussen et al. in Protocells: bridging nonliving and living
matter, 2009a). This view is illustrated and explained with the help of CMP and Rasmussen diagrams (Rasmussen et al. In: Rasmussen et al.
(eds.) in Protocells: bridging nonliving and living matter, 71–100, 2009b), both of which represent the key chemical functional dependencies among containment, metabolism, and program. The CMP model
of minimal chemical life gains some support from the broad view of life as open-ended evolution, which I have defended elsewhere
(Bedau in The philosophy of artificial life, 1996; Bedau in Artificial Life, 4:125–140, 1998). Further support comes from the natural way the CMP model resolves the puzzle about whether life is a matter of degree. 相似文献
226.
Jeanne Peijnenburg 《Synthese》2012,184(1):101-107
Tom Stoneham put forward an argument purporting to show that coherentists are, under certain conditions, committed to the
conjunction fallacy. Stoneham considers this argument a reductio ad absurdum of any coherence theory of justification. I argue that Stoneham neglects the distinction between degrees of confirmation
and degrees of probability. Once the distinction is in place, it becomes clear that no conjunction fallacy has been committed. 相似文献
227.
Michel Bitbol 《Synthese》2012,185(2):233-255
Emergence is interpreted in a non-dualist framework of thought. No metaphysical distinction between the higher and basic levels
of organization is supposed, but only a duality of modes of access. Moreover, these modes of access are not construed as mere
ways of revealing intrinsic patterns of organization: They are supposed to be constitutive of them, in Kant’s sense. The emergent levels of organization, and the inter-level causations as well, are therefore neither
illusory nor ontologically real: They are objective in the sense of transcendental epistemology. This neo-Kantian approach defuses several paradoxes associated with the concept
of downward causation, and enables one to make good sense of it independently of any prejudice about the existence (or inexistence)
of a hierarchy of levels of being. 相似文献
228.
The mathematical nature of modern science is an outcome of a contingent historical process, whose most critical stages occurred in the seventeenth century. ‘The mathematization of nature’ (Koyré 1957, From the closed world to the infinite universe, 5) is commonly hailed as the great achievement of the ‘scientific revolution’, but for the agents affecting this development it was not a clear insight into the structure of the universe or into the proper way of studying it. Rather, it was a deliberate project of great intellectual promise, but fraught with excruciating technical challenges and unsettling epistemological conundrums. These required a radical change in the relations between mathematics, order and physical phenomena and the development of new practices of tracing and analyzing motion. This essay presents a series of discrete moments in this process. For mediaeval and Renaissance philosophers, mathematicians and painters, physical motion was the paradigm of change, hence of disorder, and ipso facto available to mathematical analysis only as idealized abstraction. Kepler and Galileo boldly reverted the traditional presumptions: for them, mathematical harmonies were embedded in creation; motion was the carrier of order; and the objects of mathematics were mathematical curves drawn by nature itself. Mathematics could thus be assigned an explanatory role in natural philosophy, capturing a new metaphysical entity: pure motion. Successive generations of natural philosophers from Descartes to Huygens and Hooke gradually relegated the need to legitimize the application of mathematics to natural phenomena and the blurring of natural and artificial this application relied on. Newton finally erased the distinction between nature’s and artificial mathematics altogether, equating all of geometry with mechanical practice. 相似文献
229.
Catarina Dutilh Novaes 《Synthese》2012,185(3):387-410
The paper investigates the propriety of applying the form versus matter distinction to arguments and to logic in general.
Its main point is that many of the currently pervasive views on form and matter with respect to logic rest on several substantive
and even contentious assumptions which are nevertheless uncritically accepted. Indeed, many of the issues raised by the application
of this distinction to arguments seem to be related to a questionable combination of different presuppositions and expectations;
this holds in particular of the vexed issue of demarcating the class of logical constants. I begin with a characterization
of currently widespread views on form and matter in logic, which I refer to as ‘logical hylomorphism as we know it’—LHAWKI,
for short—and argue that the hylomorphism underlying LHAWKI is mereological. Next, I sketch an overview of the historical
developments leading from Aristotelian, non-mereological metaphysical hylomorphism to mereological logical hylomorphism (LHAWKI).
I conclude with a reassessment of the prospects for the combination of hylomorphism and logic, arguing in particular that
LHAWKI is not the only and certainly not the most suitable version of logical hylomorphism. In particular, this implies that
the project of demarcating the class of logical constants as a means to define the scope and nature of logic rests on highly
problematic assumptions. 相似文献
230.
In the present article, the lexical contribution to nonword reading was evaluated using Italian pseudohomophones that contained
atypical letters or letter sequences. Pseudohomophones were read faster than orthographically matched nonwords in both mixed
(Experiment 1) and pure (Experiment 2) lists; in addition, a base-word frequency effect was obtained in both conditions. The same pseudohomophone advantage was
observed when nonwords without atypical letter sequences were mixed in the experimental list (Experiment 3 ), and it disappeared only in lexical decision, in which pseudohomophones were rejected as quickly as control nonwords. The
pattern of results was explained by assuming that, due to their orthographic properties, the Italian pseudohomophones did
not benefit from an orthographic lexical contribution and were mainly processed through the interaction system between the
sublexical mechanisms and the phonological output lexicon. 相似文献