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51.
Webb Phillips Jennifer L. Barnes Neha Mahajan Mariko Yamaguchi Laurie R. Santos 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):938-945
A sensitivity to the intentions behind human action is a crucial developmental achievement in infants. Is this intention reading ability a unique and relatively recent product of human evolution and culture, or does this capacity instead have roots in our non‐human primate ancestors? Recent work by Call and colleagues (2004) lends credence to the latter hypothesis, providing evidence that chimpanzees are also sensitive to human intentions. Specifically, chimpanzees remained in a testing area longer and exhibited fewer frustration behaviors when an experimenter behaved as if he intended to give food but was unable to do so, than when the experimenter behaved as if he had no intention of giving food. The present research builds on and extends this paradigm, providing some of the first evidence of intention reading in a more distant primate relative, the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Like chimpanzees, capuchin monkeys distinguish between different goal‐directed acts, vacating an enclosure sooner when an experimenter acts unwilling to give food than when she acts unable to give food. Additionally, we found that this pattern is specific to animate action, and does not obtain when the same actions are performed by inanimate rods instead of human hands (for a similar logic, see Woodward, 1998 ). Taken together with the previous evidence, the present research suggests that our own intention reading is not a wholly unique aspect of the human species, but rather is shared broadly across the primate order. 相似文献
52.
At a Christian university, 167 subjects completed questionnaires measuring worldview assumptions, religious problem solving, physical and emotional abuse, and subjects' beliefs about whether they had been "abused." Results indicated that worldview assumptions were not related to actual abuse histories. Instead, such assumptions were related to the subjects' beliefs that they had been abused. Subjects who believed that they had been abused had more negative views of the impersonal world, people, and themselves; they were also more likely to see events as random. Both actual abuse history and subjects' beliefs that they had been abused were related to religious problem-solving styles. Finally, problem-solving styles were related to various worldview assumptions. Results are discussed in terms of previous research on abuse and in the psychology of religion. 相似文献
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Janette Webb 《Current Psychology》1992,2(3):251-268
Arbitration is usually described as a semi-judicial, evaluative process, where the parties to a dispute surrender their responsibility
for its resolution to a disinterested third party. The arbitrator is expected to listen impartially to the arguments of both
sides and, on the basis of the evidence put forward, decide the issue between them. This paper questions the validity of the
typical image of arbitration and suggests that a more comprehensive understanding can be developed if it is viewed in the
context of different models of negotiation. It is argued that the arbitrator is likely to have at least two contrasting roles:
(1) that of manager of the process of concession-convergence, when the issues in dispute are relatively straightforward; and
(2) that of joint negotiator with the parties, constructing a framework for a future detailed resolution of the dispute, when
the issues are more complex. The parties, on the other hand, are likely to be differentiated according to their previous experience
of arbitration. While the more experienced participants may be able to make skilful strategic use of the procedures, the inexperienced
are likely to be adversely affected by the evaluative/judicial public image of arbitration. 相似文献
57.
Webb WL 《The Journal of clinical ethics》1992,3(2):111-113
...In his article, "Quantifying the value of human life for cost accounting of safeguards," L. Eugene Arnold proposes a cost-benefit analysis to address three allocation issues concerning the very expensive program of blood monitoring proposed by Sandoz at the time it placed Clozaril...on the American market....It is important to realize that the use of seemingly value-free procedures to arrive at answers to ethically complex questions does not eliminate the values that underlie the choice of variables to be analyzed. The analyses employed by the author to three ethical questions illustrate this point very well.... 相似文献
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Susan B. Webb 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1995,23(3):409-419
The growing involvement of counsellors in organisational development is addressed by describing the application of a solution-oriented family therapy approach to conflict resolution in a work system. An account of the intervention outlines the system's storying of the problem, the development of new meanings and the identification of solutions. Key concepts in this post-modern approach are linked with the practices employed. 相似文献
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The effect of four perceptual sets--First Night in a sleep laboratory, Second Night in a sleep laboratory, Shock Avoidance Night, Reward Night--on the distribution of sleep was examined with 12Ss. Both the shock avoidance and the reward conditions gave results similar to those characteristically found in the First Night Effect, i.e., increases in Stage 0, Stage 1, the latency to Stage 4, the number of Awakenings, and the number of Stage Changes coupled with a decrease in Stage 1-REM. The observed effects, however, were minimal and were interpreted as giving evidence for the sturdiness of the sleep process. 相似文献