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381.
382.
Tests of the generalized slowing hypothesis have demonstrated the strong predictive power of tests of perceptual comparison
speed in accounting for age differences across a range of cognitive domains. The goals of this study were to determine whether
short-term memory (STM) and perceptual demands contribute to age differences on two commonly used tests of perceptual comparison
speed, the letter and pattern comparison tests, and to test whether these task components account for unique variance in predicting
age differences in working memory and reasoning. Results showed that, after controlling for visual contrast sensitivity and
a general slowing factor, age differences increased with increases in both STM load and perceptual degradation. Only STM load,
however, accounted for a significant portion of the relationship of age with higher level cognition. We concluded that perceptual
comparison tests are dependent on multiple age-sensitive abilities, not all of which are related to age differences in higher
level cognition. 相似文献
383.
384.
Tubman JG Montgomery MJ Gil AG Wagner EF 《American journal of community psychology》2004,34(1-2):147-162
This study documents significant associations among lifetime abuse experiences, psychiatric diagnoses, and sexual risk behaviors in a multiethnic community sample of young men and women (N = 1803) in South Florida. Self-report data were collected via structured interviews as part of a longitudinal follow-up of a larger school-based study. Participants were grouped according to extent of lifetime abuse experiences. Cumulative lifetime abuse experiences were associated with increased risk for a broad range of individual lifetime psychiatric disorders, as well as cumulative lifetime psychiatric disorders. Both cumulative abuse experiences and cumulative psychiatric disorders were independently associated with (a) higher levels of sexual risk behaviors and (b) higher risk for lifetime sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Implications for selective prevention of sexual risk behaviors and STDs among young adults with histories of abuse and psychiatric disorders are discussed. 相似文献
385.
Boltz MG 《Memory & cognition》2004,32(7):1194-1205
Previous research has demonstrated that musical soundtracks can influence the interpretation, emotional impact, and remembering of film information. The intent here was to examine how music is encoded into the cognitive system and subsequently represented relative to its accompanying visual action. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a set of music/film clips that were either congruent or incongruent in their emotional affects. Selective attending was also systematically manipulated by instructing viewers to attend to and remember the music, film, or both in tandem. The results from tune recognition, film recall, and paired discrimination tasks collectively revealed that mood-congruent pairs lead to a joint encoding of music/film information as well as an integrated memory code. Incongruent pairs, on the other hand, result in an independent encoding in which a given dimension, music or film, is only remembered well if it was selectively attended to at the time of encoding. Experiment 2 extended these findings by showing that tunes from mood-congruent pairs are better recognized when cued by their original scenes, while those from incongruent pairs are better remembered in the absence of scene information. These findings both support and extend the "Congruence Associationist Model" (A. J. Cohen, 2001), which addresses those cognitive mechanisms involved in the processing of music/film information. 相似文献
386.
Langevin M Huinck WJ Kully D Peters HF Lomheim H Tellers M 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》2006,31(4):229-256
There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of stuttering treatment programs delivered in domestic and international contexts and to determine if treatment delivered internationally is culturally sensitive. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ISTAR Comprehensive Stuttering Program (CSP) within and across client groups from the Netherlands and Canada revealed generally positive results. At 2 years post-treatment both groups were maintaining statistically significant reductions in stuttering frequency and improvements in attitudes, confidence, and perceptions as measured by the Revised Communication Attitude Inventory (S24), Perceptions of Stuttering Inventory (PSI), and the approach scale of the Self-Efficacy Scaling by Adult Stutterers (SESAS). Data pooled across the groups on these measures gave evidence of a global treatment effect with standardized effect sizes ranging from typical to larger than typical in the behavioural sciences. Only two differences between the groups emerged: differences in speech rate and perception of self. Given that these groups represent two distinct cultures, differences were discussed in terms of whether they could be due to cultural, methodological, or other variables. Overall, results suggest that, the CSP appears to be similarly effective in both cultures and thus, sufficiently sensitive to the culture of Dutch adults who stutter.
Educational objectives: The reader will be able to (a) describe a methodology that can be used in a clinical setting to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of stuttering treatment with adults, (b) describe some of the challenges in developing a model of clinically meaningful outcome, (c) explain the rationale for the need for cross-cultural investigations of treatment outcome, and (d) summarize speech and self-report results of the cross-cultural evaluation of an integrated stuttering treatment program. 相似文献
387.
At the heart of evidence-based practice in stuttering treatment are four issues: (1) the collection of data to inform treatment; (2) the long standing concern with maintenance of treatment gains; (3) the need to demonstrate accountability to clients, payers and our profession as service providers; and (4) the desire to advance theoretical knowledge. This article addresses the first three of these issues from a practical point of view, illustrating how data collection for stuttering treatment outcome research in a clinical setting is intimately blended with that required for clinical purposes and providing an example of a process of evaluating data for clinical and research purposes. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to (1) differentiate between treatment outcome and treatment efficacy research, (2) describe models for integrating data collection for treatment outcome and clinical purposes, and (3) utilize guidelines for treatment efficacy that are applicable to outcome research to evaluate data for use in treatment outcome studies and to design outcome studies. 相似文献
388.
Marilyn?J.?EssexEmail author H.?Hill?Goldsmith Nancy?A.?Smider Isa?Dolski Steven?K.?Sutton Richard?J.?Davidson 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):590-598
We investigated the reliability and validity of a video-based method of measuring the magnitude of children’s emotion-modulated
startle response when electromyographic (EMG) measurement is not feasible. Thirty-one children between the ages of 4 and 7
years were videotaped while watching short video clips designed to elicit happiness or fear. Embedded in the audio track of
the video clips were acoustic startle probes. A coding system was developed to quantify from the video record the strength
of the eye-blink startle response to the probes. EMG measurement of the eye blink was obtained simultaneously. Intercoder
reliability for the video coding was high (Cohen’sκ = .90). The average within-subjects probe-by-probe correlation between the EMG- and video-based methods was .84. Group-level
correlations between the methods were also strong, and there was some evidence of emotion modulation of the startle response
with both the EMG- and the video-derived data. Although the video method cannot be used to assess the latency, probability,
or duration of startle blinks, the findings indicate that it can serve as a valid proxy of EMG in the assessment of the magnitude
of emotion-modulated startle in studies of children conducted outside of a laboratory setting, where traditional psychophysiological
methods are not feasible. 相似文献
389.
The objective of the study was to investigate how self-enhancing evaluations, obtained via positive social comparisons and reflected appraisals, were related to mental health in a later life transition. The sample consisted of 266 women who were interviewed once before and 3 times after the experience of community relocation. Results extended prior findings suggesting the dynamic impact of self-enhancing evaluative processes on psychological well-being and depressive symptoms. Additional analyses showed evidence for reverse causality, that is, that mental health also influenced self-evaluative processes. This study underscores the significance of holding a positive view of self vis-à-vis others in negotiating life challenges as well as the reciprocal influence of well-being on social self-evaluative processes. 相似文献
390.
Three experiments tested whether the relationship between age differences in temporal and item memory depends on the degree to which the item memory measure relies on memory for context. The authors predicted a stronger relationship of temporal memory to free recall than to recognition memory. Results showed that age differences in temporal memory could be eliminated after controlling for free recall but not recognition memory performance. Under some conditions recognition memory accounted for a significant portion of age-related variance in temporal memory. These results challenge past research that has interpreted age differences in temporal and item memory as independent and suggest that a generalized decline in context memory may underlie reduced performance in older adults on all types of memory tests. 相似文献