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排序方式: 共有69条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Mauro Maldonato Alberto Oliverio Anna Esposito 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2017,73(8):491-510
Musical improvisation is a sophisticated activity in which a performer realizes, real-time, melodic, and rhythmic sequences in harmony with those from other musicians. The study of musical improvisation helps one to understand not only the cognition of creativity, but also the complex neuronal basis of executive functions, the relation between conscious and unconscious action, and even more. So far, the prevailing models, founded on the brain imaging method, have focused on the connection between the cortical areas and their cognitive processes. Little attention, on the other hand, has been given to the huge variety of subcortical activities, especially in the basal ganglia. This fundamental subcortical component, through its implicit procedures and the role it plays in memory, is responsible to produce new information all the time, allowing the prefrontal cortex to transform a huge and disordered amount of data in explicit creative acts. The basal ganglia are strongly related to the activation of chemical signals generated by dissonance or lack of symmetry between perception and expectation, participating even in the responses to environmental demands according to the circumstances. Thus, they interact with the frontal cortex and with the limbic system, playing a key role in planning and selecting appropriate actions and in decision making. In this text, we try to explain in which sense improvisation is connected to the processes of executive functions, to creativity and to the integrated activity of cortical–subcortical areas controlling the free flow of ideas and to expressive spontaneity. Eventually, we purpose a model according to which structure (improvisational field) and process (improvisational time) take part at the centrencephalic space of functional integration, which, through both competing and cooperating dynamics, gives way to spontaneous composition. 相似文献
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43.
This study presents the Italian adaptation of the Measure of Moral Orientation, second revision (MMO-2). Based on Carol Gilligan’s theory of the Ethics of Care, the MMO-2 was designed to measure two complementary moral stances, namely, Care and Justice. For this study, questionnaire responses from 683 university students were assessed against an Italian-adapted MMO-2 scale. Data were analyzed through exploratory structural equation modeling first as separate scenarios and then as a single model. The final model comprises 4 intercorrelated pairs of latent variables and shows highly satisfactory goodness of fit indices with moderate construct validity and reliability. Strengths, limitations, and directions for the future developments of the MMO-2 are discussed. 相似文献
44.
Annalisa Esposito Mateu Servera Gloria Garcia-Banda Ennio Del Giudice 《Journal of child and family studies》2016,25(4):1208-1217
Despite difficulties measuring parenting styles, many studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between disruptive children and certain parenting practices. One of the most frequently used scales to measure parenting styles is the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). This scale was originally defined based on theoretical dimensions and using samples from the USA. Therefore, both factor analysis studies and its adaptation to other countries have been proposed to improve and widen its use. The aim of this study was to adapt the APQ to the Italian population. A community sample of 258 mothers and children (94 %) and 192 fathers (70 %) from 274 families with children from 10- to 14-years-old who agreed to participate and met the inclusion criteria completed the APQ. Principal components and exploratory factor analyses resulted in a unique 19-item version of the APQ for mothers, fathers, and children. This unified version has resulted in two factor categories: positive (12 items) and negative parenting (7 items). The internal consistency and goodness of fit of the model were satisfactory. Moderate and significant convergent validity were found for mothers and fathers but not for children. In fact, we found differences in validity rates among the participants. Children perceived less positive and more negative parenting than did fathers and mothers, and mothers believed that they provided more positive parenting than did other parents. In conclusion, the APQ Italian version of the parents and children global report forms are considered a suitable measure for positive and negative parenting styles with acceptable validity and reliability indices. 相似文献
45.
The ways in which visual categories are learned, and in which well-established categories are represented and retrieved, are
fundamental issues of cognitive neuroscience. Researchers have typically studied these issues separately, and the transition
from the initial phase of category learning to expertise is poorly characterized. The acquisition of novel categories has
been shown to depend on the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, whereas visual category expertise has been shown
to involve changes in inferior temporal cortex. The goal of the present experiment is to understand the respective roles of
these brain regions in the transition from initial learning to expertise when category judgments are being made. Subjects
were explicitly trained, over 2 days, to classify realistic faces. Subjects then performed the categorization task during
fMRI scanning, as well as a perceptual matching task, in order to characterize how brain regions respond to these faces when
not explicitly categorizing them. We found that, during face categorization, face-selective inferotemporal cortex, lateral
prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum are more responsive to faces near the category boundary, which are most difficult to
categorize. In contrast, the hippocampus and left superior frontal sulcus responded most to faces farthest from the category
boundary. These dissociable effects suggest that there are several distinct neural mechanisms involved in categorization,
and provide a framework for understanding the contribution of each of these brain regions in categorization. 相似文献
46.
Dario Bacchini Giovanna Esposito Gaetana Affuso 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2009,19(1):17-32
The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between school bullying and various aspects of the urban and scholastic environment where participants live, such as sense of community, exposure to dangerous and violent situations within the neighbourhood, perceptions of the safety of the neighbourhood and perceptions of the school environment. The research, performed in Ercolano, a town near Naples, covered the whole of Ercolano's population (n = 734) of 7th, 10th and 13th grade students. Data were analysed using a multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that bullying role (pure bullies, pure victims, bully victims, not‐involved) is significantly associated with the way subjects perceive their exposure to dangerous and violent situations within the neighbourhood, their relationship with classmates and their relationship with teachers. Pure bullies and bully victims are especially likely to experience dangerous and violent situations in the neighbourhood where they live and have a more negative perception of their relationship with teachers; for pure victims and bully victims, a significant association is obtained with negative perceptions of relationships with classmates. These findings suggest the need for intervention strategies that extend beyond the classroom to the broader community and neighbourhood. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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48.
Silvia Dell’Orco Anna Esposito Raffaele Sperandeo Nelson Mauro Maldonato 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2019,75(4):260-273
The existence of an unaware psychic space that influences the way we think, perceive, and decide has been known for over a century. This space, defined by Freud as the “unconscious,” contains in itself unaware psychic contents. Its sophisticated adaptive functions, implicit and unaware, allow individuals to transform an enormous amount of information into explicit behaviors, influencing their behaviors. In this article, we advance the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between the unconscious, personality styles, and decisions under conditions of temporal and emotional pressure. The fact that an increase in the quality of a performance follows an increase in excitation, at least up to a certain threshold, clarifies the concept. Beyond this level of activation, not only are the benefits starting to diminish, but we also notice the onset of dysfunctional conditions that consist of anxiety, inner tension, difficulty in concentration, and inability to decide. 相似文献
49.
Dopamine receptors are abundant in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical region involved in working memory. This pharmacological
fMRI study tested the relationships between dopamine, PFC function, and individual differences in working memory capacity.
Subjects performed a verbal delayed-recognition task after taking either the dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine or a
placebo. Behavioral effects of bromocriptine treatment depended on subjects’ working memory spans, with the greatest behavioral
benefit for lower span subjects. After bromocriptine, PFC activity was positively correlated with a measure of cognitive efficiency
(RT slope) during the probe period of the task. Less efficient subjects with slower memory retrieval rates had greater PFC
activity, whereas more efficient subjects had less activity. After placebo, these measures were uncorrelated. These results
support the role of dopamine in verbal working memory and suggest that dopamine may modulate the efficiency of retrieval of
items from the contents of working memory. Individual differences in PFC dopamine receptor concentration may thus underlie
the behavioral effects of dopamine stimulation on working memory function. 相似文献
50.
Previous studies of motor learning have proposed a distinction between fast and slow learning, but these mechanisms have rarely
been examined simultaneously. We examined the influence of longterm motor expertise (slow learning) while pianists and nonpianists
performed alternating epochs of sequenced and random keypresses in response to visual cues (fast learning) during functional
neuroimaging. All of the participants demonstrated learning of the sequence as demonstrated by decreasing reaction times (RTs)
on sequence trials relative to random trials throughout the session. Pianists also demonstrated faster RTs and superior sequence
acquisition in comparison with nonpianists. Withinsession decreases in bilateral sensorimotor and parietal activation were
observed for both groups. Additionally, there was more extensive activation throughout the session for pianists in comparison
with nonpianists across a network of primarily right-lateralized prefrontal, sensorimotor, and parietal regions. These findings
provide evidence that different neural systems subserve slow and fast phases of learning. 相似文献