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111.
Bruce D. Burns Regina Vollmeyer 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2002,55(1):241-261
Previous research has found that having a nonspecific goal (NSG) leads to better problem solving and transfer than having a specific goal (SG). To distinguish between the various explanations of this effect requires direct evidence showing how a NSG affects a participant's behaviour. Therefore we collected verbal protocols from participants learning to control a linear system consisting of 3 outputs by manipulating 3 inputs. This system was simpler than the one we had used previously, so in Exp. 1 we generalized our earlier goal specificity findings to this system. In Exp. 2 protocol analysis confirmed our prediction (based on dual-space theories of problem solving) that NSG participants focused on hypothesis testing whereas SG participants focused on the goal. However, this difference only emerged over time. We also replicated the goal specificity effect on performance and showed that giving participants a hypothesis to test improved performance. 相似文献
112.
Airhihenbuwa C Okoror T Shefer T Brown D Iwelunmor J Smith E Adam M Simbayi L Zungu N Dlakulu R Shisana O 《The Journal of black psychology》2009,35(4):407-432
HIV- and AIDS-related stigma has been reported to be a major factor contributing to the spread of HIV. In this study, the authors explore the meaning of stigma and its impact on HIV and AIDS in South African families and health care centers. They conducted focus group and key informant interviews among African and Colored populations in Khayelitsha, Gugulethu, and Mitchell's Plain in the Western Cape province. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and coded using NVivo. Using the PEN-3 cultural model, the authors analyzed results showing that participants' shared experiences ranged from positive/nonstigmatizing, to existential/unique to the contexts, to negative/stigmatizing. Families and health care centers were found to have both positive nonstigmatizing values and negative stigmatizing characteristics in addressing HIV/AIDS-related stigma. The authors conclude that a culture-centered analysis, relative to identity, is central to understanding the nature and contexts of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. 相似文献
113.
David R. Nabert Regina K. Tolbert Michael H. Hochman Carla M. Jardim David B. Fox George C. Wagner 《Aggressive behavior》1983,9(4):315-318
The effects of housing conditions (individual or grouped) on the biting of an inanimate target by confined male mice and rats were measured. It was observed that, for both mice and rats, individual housing markedly increased the number of target bites per session. These results indicate that the target-biting paradigm is sensitive to those factors responsible for the increase in fighting behavior following individual housing. 相似文献
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Most modern theories about stress recognize that although stress is not a disease, it may be the trigger for the majority of diseases when allostatic overload has been generated. During stress, the glucocorticoids and catecholamines play a key role in the regulation of physiological parameters and homeostasis during stress. In the heart, positive chronotropic, inotropic, and lusitropic responses to catecholamines are mediated by various subtypes of adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs), mainly beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors. beta-ARs also control cardiomyocyte growth and death, thus contributing to cardiac remodelling. The structural basis of each beta-AR subtype, as well as their signalling pathways, and adaptive responses to stress are discussed. The participation of beta3- and putative beta4-ARs in the control of cardiac function is also discussed, with emphasis on low affinity beta-AR isoforms and the role they play in the response to the catecholamines under stress. The changes in beta-AR signalling under pathogenic conditions as well as under stress are reviewed. 相似文献
116.
Declarative memory in infants is often assessed via deferred imitation. Not much is known about the information processing basis of the memory effect found in these experiments. While in the typical deferred imitation study the order of actions remains the same during demonstration and retrieval, in two experiments with n=30 respective n=25, 10- and 11-month-old infants, the order of novel unrelated actions in demonstration and retrieval was varied (same, reversed, mixed). This allowed a separation of item-specific from item-relational information processing. In both experiments best memory performance was found when the order of target actions remained the same during encoding and recall, demonstrating that infants seem to rely on item-specific as well as item-relational information which has to be ad hoc constructed while encoding. 相似文献
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In the present study, we examined the joint effects of aging, repetition, and response deadline in a plurality discrimination task. Young and older adults studied lists of unrelated singular and plural nouns, with half presented once (weak items) and half presented five times (strong items). Test lists contained old (same) nouns, plurality-reversed nouns (changed lures), and unstudied nouns (new lures), and the participants were asked to respond old only to same items. In Experiment 1, the participants were tested with both short and long deadlines. In Experiment 2, the tests were unpaced. In both experiments, repetition increased hit rates for young and older adults. Young adults tested with a long deadline or no deadline showed invariant (Experiment 1) or reduced (Experiment 2) false alarms to changed lures when the nouns were studied more often. Young adults tested with a short deadline and older adults tested with both long and short deadlines had increased false alarm rates for strong changed lures; without time pressure to respond, older adults did not have a significant increase in false alarms for changed lures. Implications of these results for theories of cognitive aging are explored. 相似文献
119.
Topoi - What understanding of mathematical objectivity is promoted by Peirce’s pragmatism? Can Peirce’s theory help us to further comprehend the role of intersubjectivity in... 相似文献