Child traumatherapy: Its role in managing the effects of trauma,loss, damaged attachment,and dissociation in children exposed to lethal urban community violence

Violence and its effects on children should be a pressing concern for clinicians, policy makers, and public officials. Urban violence assaults the minds and bodies of our children, resulting in troublesome and complex responses that have far-reaching implications for the future of society. This article highlights chronic post-traumatic and loss response patterns associated with the horrors of violence and murder witnessed by a child, and a model of intervention referred to as child traumatherapy.Since the problems presented by many inner city children are wide-ranging, to include attachment problems and dissociation, a multisystems approach transformed in practice into an intersystem approach may be required in many cases. This approach begins with a unisystem, then moves to multisystems, and later to coordinated intersystem service structures. This may be realized through the coordinative skills of the therapist who instrumentally brokers clinical-community services, while ensuring political leveraging for the benefit of children. In essence, the model is a comprehensive one which directly engages the child self system, the family-extended family systems, the community, the political system, while employing ethnoculturally enlightened methods. The model integrates techniques in play, cognitive, behavioral, social, and psychodynamic therapies, and highlights the indispensability of the use of transference to manage terror, horror, and resolve disturbed attachment. These and other issues will be presented in this article.     

Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): preferences for nipples.

Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information of assessing development progress.     

A network learning model with GERT analysis

Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) can be used to analyze the teaching-learning process. By representing the teaching-learning process with a stochastic network, it is possible to use a topology equation for a closed network to obtain some parameters for the total teaching-learning process. To illustrate the techniques, two examples concerning a basic calculus course are given. In addition, the relation to the familiar Markovian learning models is indicated.