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It is generally held that anxiety is characterized by an attentional bias for threatening information. In recent years there has been an important debate whether these biases reside at the level of attentional selection (threat detection) or attentional processing after threat detection (attentional disengagement). In a visual search task containing emotional facial expressions, eye-movements were examined before and after threat detection in high and low trait anxious individuals to further elucidate the temporal unfolding of attentional bias. Results indicated that high-anxious individuals neither showed facilitated orienting to threat nor impaired disengagement of visual attention from threat. Interestingly, the presence of threat in the visual search display was associated with increased decision times in high-anxious individuals. These results challenge some of the current views on attentional bias to threat but indicate that emotional information reduces processing efficiency in anxiety. 相似文献
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Ernst D. Lantermannand Jurgen 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(5):505-528
Research on interactions of emotional and cognitive processes provides evidence for congruency effects in the content and style of cognitive processing. This experiment investigated if and how these two kinds of bias can be compensated for. Participants were 194 undergraduates (mean age 22.58 years, SD = 4.85), who were asked to recall a positive or negative autobiographical memory in either an emotional or detached manner; half of the participants later received a suggestion to compensate for the effects of their moods. All participants then made judgements about the likelihood of future events. Interactions of Memory Valence, Emotionality, and Correction replicated the mood-congruency effects found in other research. Three aspects qualified the results. First, content congruency was found in both emotional and unemotional conditions. Furthermore, this content congruency was corrected for under emotional recall of positive and negative events, although less completely with positive events. Second, the undifferentiated judgement style of positive moods was also corrected for. Third, different correction procedures for styles of judgement were used, depending on whether participants experienced positive or negative moods. The results were discussed with regard to mood congruency and the cognitive-priming and feelings-as-information hypothesis. 相似文献
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In this contribution, an overview of the distinct ways in which the interplay between knowledge, values, and beliefs took shape in the South African context since 1948 is offered. This is framed against the background of the paleontological significance of South Africa and an appreciation of indigenous knowledge systems, but also of the ideological distortion of knowledge and education during the apartheid era through the legacy of neo‐Calvinism. The overview includes references to discourse on human rationality (as an implicit critique against ideology), on the use of social sciences in theological reflection, on the teaching of evolution in public schools, on science and religion, and on religion and ecology. The essay concludes with a survey of some of the major voices regarding the interface between religion and science in South Africa. 相似文献
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Ken Resnicow Colleen DiIorio Johanna E Soet Denise Ernst Belinda Borrelli Jacki Hecht 《Health psychology》2002,21(5):444-451
Motivational interviewing (MI), initially developed for addiction counseling, has increasingly been applied in public health, medical, and health promotion settings. This article provides an overview of MI, outlining its philosophic orientation and essential strategies. Major outcome studies are reviewed, nuances associated with the use of MI in health promotion and chronic disease prevention are described, and future directions are offered. 相似文献
160.
Jinfan Zhang Taoxi Yang Yan Bao Hui Li Ernst Pöppel Sarita Silveira 《Cognitive processing》2018,19(1):133-139
Previous studies have shown that music is a powerful means to convey affective states, but it remains unclear whether and how social context shape the intensity and quality of emotions perceived in music. Using a within-subject design, we studied this question in two experimental settings, i.e. when subjects were alone versus in company of others without direct social interaction or feedback. Non-vocal musical excerpts of the emotional qualities happiness or sadness were rated on arousal and valence dimensions. We found evidence for an amplification of perceived emotion in the solitary listening condition, i.e. happy music was rated as happier and more arousing when nobody else was around and, in an analogous manner, sad music was perceived as sadder. This difference might be explained by a shift of attention in the presence of others. The observed interaction of perceived emotion and social context did not differ for stimuli of different cultural origin. 相似文献