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Perceptual load theory states that the level of perceptual load in a task predicts the processing of task‐irrelevant information. High perceptual load has been shown to result in increased inattentional blindness; however, there is little evidence that this extends beyond artificial computer‐based tasks to real‐world behavior. In this study, we adapted a typical load‐blindness paradigm for use in a driving simulator. Forty‐two drivers performed a series of gap perception tasks where they judged if their vehicle could fit between two parked vehicles, with the task imposing either low or high perceptual load. Awareness for an unexpected pedestrian or animal at the side of the road was found to be significantly lower in the high perceptual load condition. This study is the first to demonstrate perceptual load effects on awareness in an applied setting and has important implications for road safety and future applied research on the perceptual load model.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
83.
Michael Martin Robert L. Causey Ernest W. Adams Peter Achinstein Peter Caws 《Synthese》1972,25(1-2):219-253
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86.
Ernest Adams 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):166-197
The standard use of the propositional calculus ('P.C.’) in analyzing the validity of inferences involving conditionals leads to fallacies, and the problem is to determine where P.C. may be ‘safely’ used. An alternative analysis of criteria of reasonableness of inferences in terms of conditions of justification rather than truth of statements is proposed. It is argued, under certain restrictions, that P. C. may be safely used, except in inferences whose conclusions are conditionals whose antecedents are incompatible with the premises in the sense that if the antecedent became known, some of the previously asserted premises would have to be withdrawn. 相似文献
87.
The embeddedness of combat aggression, violence, survival, and antiauthority dynamics in the psychic organization of Vietnam veterans in groups shape the treatment enterprise. Inherent in treatment interactions and dynamic processes of the Vietnam therapy group are the reactivations of Vietnam-historical reenactments. These involve strong affective reactions toward superiors and toward fellow combatants (“grunts”), with an attendant sense of group danger, unconsciously reminiscent of Vietnam's guerrilla war terrain. This paper notes that because of the tendency of the group to repeat actual events (as opposed to fantasied events), these groups require divergent conceptualizations and technical management. An innovative model comprising a series of developmental phases is presented. This model, called “the curvilinear regressive-progressive model” of treatment with Vietnam veterans, focuses on both peer- and leader-centered dynamics in working through guilt-driven defenses in members. The leader plays a pivotal function in monitoring levels of affect tolerance in the group, and is expected to manage countertransference reactions, and to have sensitivity to the effects of combat stress on self structure. As the Vietnam therapy group members relive the history of the Vietnam conflict in the group, the leader utilizes a flexible, phase-sensitive system of interventions to reactivate arrested development by creating a healing climate where developmental tasks can be mastered and integrated by group members. 相似文献
88.
Ernest LePore 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(2):197-214
The main thesis of this paper is that the most cogent demands of subjectivity, at least with respect to questions concerning the contents of our thoughts, can be accommodated within an objectivist framework. I begin with two theses: (1) Subjectivity: I can know (the contents of) my own thoughts without appeal to any knowledge of features external to my mind; (2) Environmentalism: (The contents of) my thoughts are determined by features external to my mind, at least in this sense: without causal and/or social interaction between my internal states and various external features, these internal states would not have the particular contents they have and therefore would not be the mental states they are. Section I proceeds by elucidating various lines of environmentalism, an overtly objectivist thesis. Section II considers and refutes one purported environmentalist challenge to subjectivity, namely, that, according to it, thoughts are not in the head. Section III discusses a central subjectivist thesis, namely, thoughts do not admit of an appearance/reality distinction. Tyler Burge and Hilary Putnam, two environmentalists, seem to endorse such a distinction. It is argued that the two most reasonable routes of escape open to them require a retreat from environmentalism. This leaves us with an apparent dilemma: reject either subjectivity or environmentalism Section IV defends environmentalism. Section V considers and criticizes a maneuver Donald Davidson makes to preserve first‐person authority over thought‐contents. Section VI concludes with a brief defense of environmentalism which rests largely on rejecting a deeply entrenched epistemic model about how we access our own thoughts. It is argued that it is this bad epistemic model and not subjectivity per se, which has created whatever tension there appears to be between subjectivity and environmentalism. 相似文献
89.
Ernest M. Weiler Bharti Katbamna Nita Nileshwar Angel Dell'Aira 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(4):411-421
The present study examined the similarities between four auditory adaptation techniques to determine whether the effects were correlated. The four adaptation techniques compared were: Simultaneous Dichotic Loudness Balance technique (SDLB; Hood, 1950), Magnitude Estimated Binaural technique (MEB; Botté, Canévet, & Scharf, 1982), Magnitude Estimated Monaural technique, (MEM; Weiler, Sandman, & Pederson, 1981), and the Monaural Reaction Time technique (RT; Davis & Weiler, 1976). Results did not show significant correlations between the four techniques, except (r = 0.39) between MEB and MEM procedures. This correlation was much less than the reliability of the measures would allow (r = 0.98 and r = 0.99, respectively). Thus, it appears that the different methods either produced different adaptation effects or measured different aspects of auditory adaptation. The normal ear apparently shows several forms of adaptation, which reduces the perceptual strength of a continuing stimulus, in favor of an intermittent, less redundant one. 相似文献
90.
Robert S. Tannen Ernest M. Weiler Joel S. Warm William N. Dember John O. Simon 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(4):385-399
Using the Simple Adaptation technique (SA) and the Ipsilateral Comparison Paradigm (ICP), the authors studied monaural loudness adaptation to a middle-intensity [60 dB(A)] tone at signal frequencies of 250, 1000, and 4000 Hz in the left and right ears. Adaptation effects were absent when the SA procedure was used. However, they were observed uniformly across all frequency values with the ICP, a result that challenges the assertion in the literature, on the basis of SA measures, that loudness adaptation for middle-intensity signals occurs only at frequencies above 4000 Hz. The ICP features periodic intensity modulations (±10 dB relative to the base signal) to accommodate listeners' needs for referents by which they can gauge subtle changes in the loudness of the adapting tone, a key component that is missing in the SA method. Adaptation effects in this investigation were similar in both ears, supporting the equal susceptibility assumption common in loudness adaptation studies. 相似文献