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351.
Ernest R. Hilgard 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(1):85-113
Taste preferences, as measured in 48-hour, Richter-type drinking tests (test solution opposite distilled water), were determined for northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster, ssp. breviauritus). The Ss were nine males and nine females which were individually housed within an environmental chamber. The test solutions were prepared from five sugars (fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose), three salts (magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride), and two acids (citric acid and hydrochloric acid). In randomly assigned order, each sugar and each salt solution was presented at five molar concentrations, and each acid was paired with distilled water at six levels of pH. Strong drinking preferences were shown for all concentrations of the sugars above .05?.10 M, and sugars ranked in order of preference as follows: Maltose = sucrose > glucose = fructose > lactose. Preferences were also shown for hypotonic concentrations of NaCl. The other salts and both acids, however, were indifferently preferred at low concentrations and were rejected at the higher concentrations. Taste preferences by grasshopper mice for these chemicals were similar to those exhibited by Mongolian gerbils tested with the same items. The similar patterns of preference shown by New World cricetid rodents (grasshopper mice) and Old World cricetid rodents (gerbils) suggest that conclusions concerning disparity in taste sensibilities among animal forms may be premature. 相似文献
352.
Ernest Gellner 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):247-248
Sociology of Faith Werner Stark: The Sociology of Knowledge. The International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1958. 36s. net. 356 pp. Carnap Introduces Symbolic Logic Rudolph Carnap: Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications, Dover Publication, New York 1958, $1.85, 241 pp. 相似文献
353.
Ernest M. Weiler David E. Sandman Jennifer Janson-Pinto Anjali J. Dange William N. Dember Joel S. Warm 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(4):365-371
Three mirror tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the connection between perception and motor behavior. In the first experiment, some subjects traced a hex-maze, other subjects traced a hex-maze after observing a model trace, others traced a hex-maze after reading instructions on mirror images, and others traced a hex-maze after having observed a model and heard the instructions. There were no significant differences between the groups' error scores, but their time scores differed significantly, although not always in the predicted direction. In Experiment 2, the subjects were to trace selected letters of the alphabet. Error scores for the second experiment did not differ much from those for the first experiment. In Experiment 3, the experimenter gave each subject commands for the correct directions of movement, using the subject's body as a frame of reference. There was little improvement in motor performance. These results suggest that the visual information presented in the mirror captured the subjects' attention and blocked their motor tracing program. 相似文献
354.
Mark A. Runco Jeffrey John Walczyk Selcuk Acar Ernest L. Cowger Melissa Simundson Sunny Tripp 《创造性行为杂志》2014,48(3):185-197
This article describes an empirical refinement of the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale (RIBS). The RIBS seems to be associated with divergent thinking, and the potential for creative thinking, but it was possible that its validity could be improved. With this in mind, three new scales were developed and the unique benefit (or “incremental validity”) of each was assessed. The three validity scales contained (a) distractor items, (b) contraindicative items, or (c) items constituting a lie scale. Step‐wise analyses using the three validity scales indicated very little incremental validity: They were interpreted in the light of psychometric theory, which suggests that their contribution may have been on a behavioral rather than on a statistical level. One additional analysis explored the possibility that a short form could be constructed. The short form of the RIBS was highly correlated with the long form (r = .94). Thus, most decisions made by the short form will be entirely compatible with decisions that would have been reached using the long form. A second significant result was that the RIBS was highly correlated with a check list of creative activities, supporting its concurrent validity. 相似文献
355.
The goal of this study was to examine the influence of collective student characteristics (academic skills and task persistence at the beginning of first grade) and different teaching practices (child-centered, teacher-directed, and child-dominated) on the development of academic skills and task persistence during the first two years in school. We hypothesized that teaching practices would differentially impact the development of academic skills and task persistence depending on the collective needs of the classroom. Participants were 523 students (273 boys) from 32 classrooms across Estonia. By using multilevel modeling, we found several interactions indicating that both contextual influences are important in determining subsequent academic functioning and task persistence but that some teaching practices are more beneficial depending on the collective starting point of students. These findings highlight the importance of studying different contextual influences hand in hand when trying to understand what enhances young children's academic development. 相似文献
356.
Working Memory in Nonsymbolic Approximate Arithmetic Processing: A Dual‐Task Study With Preschoolers
Iro Xenidou‐Dervou Ernest C. D. M. van Lieshout Menno van der Schoot 《Cognitive Science》2014,38(1):101-127
Preschool children have been proven to possess nonsymbolic approximate arithmetic skills before learning how to manipulate symbolic math and thus before any formal math instruction. It has been assumed that nonsymbolic approximate math tasks necessitate the allocation of Working Memory (WM) resources. WM has been consistently shown to be an important predictor of children's math development and achievement. The aim of our study was to uncover the specific role of WM in nonsymbolic approximate math. For this purpose, we conducted a dual‐task study with preschoolers with active phonological, visual, spatial, and central executive interference during the completion of a nonsymbolic approximate addition dot task. With regard to the role of WM, we found a clear performance breakdown in the central executive interference condition. Our findings provide insight into the underlying cognitive processes involved in storing and manipulating nonsymbolic approximate numerosities during early arithmetic. 相似文献
357.
Birthdates of professional female and male baseball players active from 1943 to 1954 (the beginning and final years for professional female leagues) were matched for year of birth and league years and then compared by birth quarters, with a cutoff date beginning August 1. A relative age effect was noted for males, as there was a significantly different distribution of players across birth quarter, but there was no such effect for female professionals. Since players were matched for birth year and league play, the difference was unlikely to be due to seasonality differences in birth. Instead, the absence of a "relative age" effect for female players can be attributed to the absence of organized adolescent baseball for girls prior to the establishment of professional baseball leagues for women. 相似文献
358.
Randi M. Williams Karen Glanz Michelle C. Kegler Ernest Davis Jr. 《Journal of religion and health》2012,51(1):148-160
This study examined the beliefs of church leaders about health and associations between these beliefs and the church health
promotion environment (CHPE). Perceptions of the CHPE by leaders and members of the same churches were also compared. Interviews
were conducted with pastors (n = 40) and members (n = 96) of rural churches. They were Baptist (60%), and 57.5% were predominantly White, while 42.5% were Black. Leaders’ beliefs
regarding talking about health topics in sermons were associated with the presence of health messages in the church. There
was also a significant association between leaders’ beliefs about members’ receptivity to health messages and the presence
of messages in the church. Leaders’ and members’ perceptions of the CHPE were discordant. While some leaders’ beliefs may
be related to the CHPE, other factors may explain why programs and policies exist in some churches and not others. 相似文献
359.
360.
Jouriles EN McDonald R Mueller V Grych JH 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2012,15(1):58-68
This article describes a conceptual model of cognitive and emotional processes proposed to mediate the relation between youth
exposure to family violence and teen dating violence perpetration. Explicit beliefs about violence, internal knowledge structures,
and executive functioning are hypothesized as cognitive mediators, and their potential influences upon one another are described.
Theory and research on the role of emotions and emotional processes in the relation between youths’ exposure to family violence
and teen dating violence perpetration are also reviewed. We present an integrated model that highlights how emotions and emotional
processes work in tandem with hypothesized cognitive mediators to predict teen dating violence. 相似文献