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741.
Laughlin PR Hatch EC Silver JS Boh L 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2006,90(4):644-651
Individuals and groups of 2, 3, 4, or 5 people solved 2 letters-to-numbers problems that required participants, on each trial, to identify the coding of 10 letters to 10 numbers by proposing an equation in letters, receiving the answer in letters, proposing a hypothesis, and receiving feedback on the correctness of the hypothesis. Groups of 3, 4, and 5 people proposed more complex equations and had fewer trials to solution than the best of an equivalent number of individuals. Groups of 3, 4, and 5 people had fewer trials to solution than 2-person groups but did not differ from each other. These results suggest that 3-person groups are necessary and sufficient to perform better than the best individuals on highly intellective problems. 相似文献
742.
The author indexes of 15 introductory psychology textbooks were surveyed to identify the authorities cited most frequently. The five names cited most often in descending order were Freud, Bandura, Skinner, Piaget, and James. Differences from earlier comparable citation studies are discussed. 相似文献
743.
In two experiments, we investigated whether re-exposure to previously studied items at test affects false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Furthermore, we examined whether exposure to the critical lure at test influences memory for subsequently presented study items. In Experiment 1, immediately following each studied DRM list, participants were given a recognition test. The tests were constructed such that the number of studied items preceding the critical lure varied from zero to five. Neither false recognition for critical lures nor accurate memory for studied items was affected by this manipulation. In Experiment 2, we replicated this pattern of results under speeded conditions at test. Both experiments confirm that exposure to previously studied items at test does not affect true or false recognition in the DRM paradigm. This pattern strongly suggests that retrieval processes do not influence false recognition in the DRM paradigm. 相似文献
744.
Despite the great amount of research that has been done regarding the time it takes to move the hand to targets of varying
distances and widths, it is unclear whether target distance and width are both represented in movement plans prior to movement
initiation. We addressed this question by studying performance in an object manipulation task. Our participants reached out
and took hold of a familiar object (a bathroom plunger) to move it to wide or narrow targets of varying heights. Grasp heights
on the plunger were additively affected by target height and target width, suggesting that both factors were taken into account
by participants prior to moving the plunger from its initial position. Another factor we manipulated was the width of the
base from which the plunger was lifted on its way to its next position. This factor also affected grasp heights, but no more
so than target widths. The latter result contradicts the view that movement starts are planned in more detail than movement
ends, as might be expected from the fact that movement starts come sooner. Together, our results suggest that forthcoming
movements are planned in considerable detail. A surprising methodological implication of this study is that recording how
people prepare to move can reveal as much—or in some cases more—about what they have planned than can recording their subsequent
movements. 相似文献
745.
Genetic counseling students were surveyed about their backgrounds, application process to genetic counseling programs, and
career motivations and plans. Program directors from 27 accredited programs were asked to distribute 362 surveys to students.
Fifty-two survey items assess demographics; sources of support for pursuing a genetic counseling career (information about
genetic counseling, encouragement/discouragement from others); career motivations (reasons for applying and for becoming a
genetic counselor); and career certainty. Two hundred and thirty-five usable surveys were returned (64.9% usable return rate).
Most respondents were Caucasian females (mean age = 25.4 years). About 13% identified as ethnic minorities, and about one-third
reported family histories of a genetic condition(s). Most respondents learned about the field in classes, and most were strongly
encouraged by family and friends to pursue genetic counseling. Reasons rated as most important for becoming a genetic counselor
included helping others and intellectual stimulation. Recruitment, training, and research recommendations are given. 相似文献
746.
The case of an aphasic patient whose spontaneous speech contains very few lexical verbs is reported. Instead of sentences with lexical verbs, the patient produces many (grammatical) copular constructions. He also substitutes lexical verbs with the copula. Although this results in ungrammatical utterances, by doing so, a resemblance of sentence structure and a degree of grammaticality of his utterances are preserved. Although the patient is more impaired in naming action than object pictures, it is unlikely that lexical retrieval difficulties are solely responsible for the paucity of lexical verbs in his speech. A series of tests revealed a profound deficit in producing tense marking inflections and in understanding their significance. We argue that the unavailability of tense features is the primary reason for the lack of lexical verbs in his speech. An alternative possibility, that the tense deficit interacts with the verb retrieval deficit, is also discussed. The patient has a complex lesion and language profile, with features associated with both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. However, since the study focuses on his verb and tense deficits and the grammaticality of his utterances, issues that are often discussed in relation to agrammatic Broca's aphasia, the literature that is relevant to these topics and to Broca's aphasia is reviewed, despite the different diagnostic profile of the patient. 相似文献
747.
This paper examines research investigating the effects of neighborhood context on the onset and persistence of early-starting antisocial pathways across middle and late childhood. The review begins by presenting theory and research mapping the early-starting developmental pathway. Next, sociologically and psychologically based investigations linking neighborhood context and early antisocial behavior are examined, in order to posit and evaluate the effects of community economic disadvantage, exposure to neighborhood violence, and involvement with neighborhood-based deviant peer groups on the development of antisocial behavior. It is suggested that middle childhood may represent a critical developmental period during which children are at heightened risk for neighborhood-based effects on antisocial behavior problems. Key methodological issues are addressed, and recommendations for future research integrating developmental pathways and neighborhood theory and research are advanced. 相似文献
748.
Dedication
Acknowledgment of Reviewers 相似文献749.
750.
Erin R. Watson Pennie G. Foster-Fishman 《American journal of community psychology》2013,51(1-2):151-163
Many community decision-making bodies encounter challenges in creating conditions where stakeholders from disadvantaged populations can authentically participate in ways that give them actual influence over decisions affecting their lives (Foster-Fishman et al., Lessons for the journey: Strategies and suggestions for guiding planning, governance, and sustainability in comprehensive community initiatives. W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, MI, 2004). These challenges are often rooted in asymmetrical power dynamics operating within the settings (Prilleltensky, J Commun Psychol 36:116–136, 2008). In response, this paper presents the Exchange Boundary Framework, a new approach for understanding and promoting authentic, empowered participation within collaborative decision-making settings. The framework expands upon theories currently used in the field of community psychology by focusing on the underlying processes through which power operates in relationships and examining the evolution of power dynamics over time. By integrating concepts from social exchange theory (Emerson, Am Soc Rev 27:31–41, 1962) and social boundaries theory (Hayward, Polity 31(1):1–22, 1998), the framework situates power within parallel processes of resources exchange and social regulation. The framework can be used to understand the conditions leading to power asymmetries within collaborative decisionmaking processes, and guide efforts to promote more equitable and authentic participation by all stakeholders within these settings. In this paper we describe the Exchange Boundary Framework, apply it to three distinct case studies, and discuss key considerations for its application within collaborative community settings. 相似文献