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901.
For over four decades the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has been one of the most distinctive tests of prefrontal function. Clinical research and recent brain imaging have brought into question the validity and specificity of this test as a marker of frontal dysfunction. Clinical studies with neurological patients have confirmed that, in its traditional form, the WCST fails to discriminate between frontal and non-frontal lesions. In addition, functional brain imaging studies show rapid and widespread activation across frontal and non-frontal brain regions during WCST performance. These studies suggest that the concept of an anatomically pure test of prefrontal function is not only empirically unattainable, but also theoretically inaccurate. The aim of the present review is to examine the causes of these criticisms and to resolve them by incorporating new methodological and conceptual advances in order to improve the construct validity of WCST scores and their relationship to prefrontal executive functions. We conclude that these objectives can be achieved by drawing on theory-guided experimental design, and on precise spatial and temporal sampling of brain activity, and then exemplify this using an integrative model of prefrontal function [i.e., Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 59–65.] combined with the formal information theoretical approach to cognitive control [Koechlin, E., & Summerfield, C. (2007). An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 229–235.]. 相似文献
902.
Lindsey A. Combs-Ronto Sheryl L. Olson Erika S. Lunkenheimer Arnold J. Sameroff 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1151-1163
This study was a prospective 2-year longitudinal investigation of associations between negative maternal parenting and disruptive
child behavior across the preschool to school transition. Our main goals were to 1) determine the direction of association
between early maternal negativity and child disruptive behaviors across this important developmental transition and 2) examine
whether there would be different patterns of associations for boys and girls. Participants were 235 children (111 girls; T1;
M = 37.7 months, T2; M = 63.4 months) and their mothers and teachers. Observational and multi-informant ratings of child disruptive behavior showed
differential patterns of stability and associations with measures of parenting risk. Results indicated bidirectional and interactive
contributions of externalizing behavior and negative parenting across time. Results also indicated that risk mechanisms operate
similarly for both sexes. Findings support transactional models of disruptive child behavior that highlight the joint contributions
of parents and children. 相似文献
903.
Alexandra Loukas 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1113-1122
The present study examined a) the associations between adolescent-reported maternal psychological control and self-reported
internalizing problems one year later, while simultaneously examining the opposite direction of effects and b) the equivalence
of these associations across gender. Participants were 479 10-to-14-year old adolescents (55% female) participating in two
waves of a study. Results from multi-group, cross-lagged panel analyses indicated that although early adolescents’ depressive
symptoms and social anxiety predicted change in perceived maternal psychological control one year later, perceived maternal
psychological control did not predict change in early adolescents’ internalizing problems. Elevated levels of depressive symptoms
were associated with increased levels of perceived maternal psychological control one year later, whereas elevated levels
of social anxiety were associated with decreased levels. Aforementioned findings were consistent across boys’ and girls’ data.
Study findings extend limited research on adolescent effects, demonstrating that early adolescents’ internalizing problems
play a role in perceived maternal psychological control. 相似文献
904.
This article broadens understanding of the role that East European intellectuals have played in building foundations for democratic
institutions and practices over the past two decades. Drawing on Habermas’ writings on the public sphere, we use interviews
conducted with founders of women’s and gender studies centers, professional women’s NGOs and Internet forums to examine the
establishment of new micro-contexts for civic engagement and critical debate in Ukraine. Three main types of indigenous feminist
micro-public are identified: academic, professional and virtual. Through an analysis of these micro-publics as well as the
works of writer Oksana Zabuzhko, we explore the articulation and legitimation of a “national feminist” standpoint that draws
upon feminism to criticize populist understandings of national history and civic belonging. We contribute to studies of democratization
and transition by suggesting how small groups of critical intellectuals (locally called “tusovky”) acted as microfoundations
of civil society. By supporting local engagement with Western critical theory, these small groups helped to create a new infrastructure
for engaging intellectuals in the pluralization and diversification of public life. 相似文献
905.
The present study examined the roles of student perceptions of four aspects of school climate (friction, cohesion, competition among students, and satisfaction with classes) as moderators of the relations between effortful control and subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Participants were 488 10-to-14-year old students involved in two waves, with one year between each wave, of a study. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that high levels of perceived friction predicted more subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms, even after baseline levels of these problems were partialled out. Low levels of effortful control also elevated risk for subsequent conduct problems. However, perceptions of the school as high in cohesion offset the risk associated with low levels of effortful control. Perceived satisfaction with classes also offset this risk, but only for females. Contrary to expectations, student perceptions of school climate did not interact with effortful control to predict subsequent depressive symptoms. 相似文献
906.
Reis A Faísca L Mendonça S Ingvar M Petersson KM 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2007,48(1):69-74
Previous research suggests that learning an alphabetic written language influences aspects of the auditory-verbal language system. In this study, we examined whether literacy influences the notion of words as phonological units independent of lexical semantics in literate and illiterate subjects. Subjects had to decide which item in a word- or pseudoword pair was phonologically longest. By manipulating the relationship between referent size and phonological length in three word conditions (congruent, neutral, and incongruent) we could examine to what extent subjects focused on form rather than meaning of the stimulus material. Moreover, the pseudoword condition allowed us to examine global phonological awareness independent of lexical semantics. The results showed that literate performed significantly better than illiterate subjects in the neutral and incongruent word conditions as well as in the pseudoword condition. The illiterate group performed least well in the incongruent condition and significantly better in the pseudoword condition compared to the neutral and incongruent word conditions and suggest that performance on phonological word length comparisons is dependent on literacy. In addition, the results show that the illiterate participants are able to perceive and process phonological length, albeit less well than the literate subjects, when no semantic interference is present. In conclusion, the present results confirm and extend the finding that illiterate subjects are biased towards semantic-conceptual-pragmatic types of cognitive processing. 相似文献
907.
908.
909.
Galani R Berthel MC Lazarus C Majchrzak M Barbelivien A Kelche C Cassel JC 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(1):1-10
To assess a possible role for serotonin in the mediation of the behavioral changes induced by enriched housing conditions (EC), adult female Long-Evans rats sustaining a serotonin depletion (150 microg of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, icv) and sham-operated rats were housed postoperatively for 30 days in enriched (12 rats/large cage containing various objects) or standard housing conditions (2 rats/standard laboratory cage). Thereafter, anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze), locomotor activity (in the home-cage), sensori-motor capabilities (beam-walking task), and spatial memory (eight-arm radial maze) were assessed. Monoamine levels were subsequently measured in the frontoparietal cortex and the hippocampus. Overall, EC reduced anxiety-related responses, enhanced sensori-motor performance and improved the memory span in the initial stage of the spatial memory task. Despite a substantial reduction of serotonergic markers in the hippocampus (82%) and the cortex (74%), these positive effects of EC were not altered by the lesion. EC reduced the serotonin levels in the ventral hippocampus (particularly in unlesioned rats: -23%), increased serotonin turnover in the entire hippocampus (particularly in lesioned rats: +36%) and augmented the norepinephrine levels in the dorsal hippocampus (+68% in unlesioned and +49% in lesioned rats); no such alterations were found in the frontoparietal cortex. Our data suggest that an intact serotonergic system is not a prerequisite for the induction of positive behavioral effects by EC. The neurochemical changes found in the hippocampus of EC rats, however, show that the monoaminergic innervation of the hippocampus is a target of EC. 相似文献
910.
Hoffmann J Berner M Butz MV Herbort O Kiesel A Kunde W Lenhard A 《Cognitive processing》2007,8(2):133-142
The report comprises recent theoretical considerations, experimental research, and simulations which all aim at a clarification
of anticipatory mechanisms of behavioral control. 相似文献