收费全文 | 715篇 |
免费 | 48篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
765篇 |
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 14篇 |
2020年 | 23篇 |
2019年 | 43篇 |
2018年 | 25篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 18篇 |
2015年 | 29篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 88篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 40篇 |
2010年 | 25篇 |
2009年 | 28篇 |
2008年 | 30篇 |
2007年 | 30篇 |
2006年 | 36篇 |
2005年 | 23篇 |
2004年 | 25篇 |
2003年 | 32篇 |
2002年 | 26篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
1961年 | 4篇 |
In cognitive science, long-term anticipation, such as when planning to do something next year, is typically seen as a form of ‘higher’ cognition, requiring a different account than the more basic activities that can be understood in terms of responsiveness to ‘affordances,’ i.e. to possibilities for action. Starting from architects that anticipate the possibility to make an architectural installation over the course of many months, in this paper we develop a process-based account of affordances that includes long-term anticipation within its scope. We present a framework in which situations and their affordances unfold, and can be thought of as continuing a history of practices into a current situational activity. In this activity affordances invite skilled participants to act further. Via these invitations one situation develops into the other; an unfolding process that sets up the conditions for its own continuation. Central to our process account of affordances is the idea that engaged individuals can be responsive to the direction of the process to which their actions contribute. Anticipation, at any temporal scale, is then part and parcel of keeping attuned to the movement of the unfolding situations to which an individual contributes. We concretize our account by returning to the example of anticipation observed in architectural practice. This account of anticipation opens the door to considering a wide array of human activities traditionally characterized as ‘higher’ cognition in terms of engaging with affordances.
相似文献In everyday situations, and particularly in some sport and working contexts, humans face an inherently unpredictable and uncertain environment. All sorts of unpredictable and unexpected things happen but typically people are able to skillfully adapt. In this paper, we address two key questions in cognitive science. First, how is an agent able to bring its previously learned skill to bear on a novel situation? Second, how can an agent be both sensitive to the particularity of a given situation, while remaining flexibly poised for many other possibilities for action? We will argue that both the sensitivity to novel situations and the sensitivity to a multiplicity of action possibilities are enabled by the property of skilled agency that we will call metastable attunement. We characterize a skilled agent’s flexible interactions with a dynamically changing environment in terms of metastable dynamics in agent-environment systems. What we find in metastability is the realization of two competing tendencies: the tendency of the agent to express their intrinsic dynamics and the tendency to search for new possibilities. Metastably attuned agents are ready to engage with a multiplicity of affordances, allowing for a balance between stability and flexibility. On the one hand, agents are able to exploit affordances they are attuned to, while at the same time being ready to flexibly explore for other affordances. Metastable attunement allows agents to smoothly transition between these possible configurations so as to adapt their behaviour to what the particular situation requires. We go on to describe the role metastability plays in learning of new skills, and in skilful behaviour more generally. Finally, drawing upon work in art, architecture and sports science, we develop a number of perspectives on how to investigate metastable attunement in real life situations.
相似文献Cognition has traditionally been understood in terms of internal mental representations, and computational operations carried out on internal mental representations. Radical approaches propose to reconceive cognition in terms of agent-environment dynamics. An outstanding challenge for such a philosophical project is how to scale-up from perception and action to cases of what is typically called ‘higher-order’ cognition such as linguistic thought, the case we focus on in this paper. Perception and action are naturally described in terms of agent-environment dynamics, but can a person’s thoughts about absent, abstract or counterfactual states of affairs also be accounted for in such terms? We argue such a question will seem pressing so long as one fails to appreciate how richly resourceful the human ecological niche is in terms of the affordances it provides. The explanatory work that is supposedly done by mental representations in a philosophical analysis of cognition, can instead be done by looking outside of the head to the environment structured by sociomaterial practices, and the affordances it makes available. Once one recognizes how much of the human ecological niche has become structured by activities of talking and writing, this should take away at least some of the motivation for understanding linguistic thinking in terms of content-bearing internal representations. We’ll argue that people can think about absent, abstract or counterfactual because of their skills for engaging with what we will call “enlanguaged affordances”. We make use of the phenomenological analysis of speech in Merleau-Ponty to show how the multiple affordances an individual is ready to engage with in a particular situation will typically include enlanguaged affordances.
相似文献