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921.
922.
Olafsen KS Rønning JA Dahl LB Ulvund SE Handegård BH Kaaresen PI 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2007,48(6):499-509
Responsiveness in prematurely and term-born infants was studied cross-sectionally in relation to maternal confidence. Orientation and arousal were measured in 140 prematurely (mean BW 1,398 g, GA 30.1 weeks) and 75 term-born infants (mean BW 3,613 g, GA 39.3 weeks) with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales. Mothers filled out the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire and a modified version of the Parenting Stress Index. Prematurely born infants had a significantly lower level of arousal than term-born neonates. Responsiveness was not associated with maternal confidence. Lower confidence was associated with primiparity in both groups of mothers. Multiparous mothers of prematurely born infants had significantly lower levels of confidence than multiparous mothers of term-born infants. Confidence was significantly associated with stress for mothers of prematurely and term-born infants, and may be focused in follow-up after giving birth. Prematurely born infants should be examined more thoroughly in aspects of arousal at the time of discharge. 相似文献
923.
Noreen E. Johnson 《Sophia》2007,46(1):69-73
In Atheism: A Philosophical Justification, Michael Martin argues that to posit a God that is both omnipotent and omniscient is philosophically incoherent. I challenge
this argument by proposing that a God who is necessarily omniscient is more powerful than a God who is contingently omniscient.
I then argue that being omnipotent entails being omniscient by showing that for an all-powerful being to be all-powerful in
any meaningful way, it must possess complete knowledge about all states of affairs and thus must be understood to be omniscient.
相似文献
Noreen E. JohnsonEmail: |
924.
Kent Johnson 《Synthese》2007,156(2):253-279
The empirical nature of our understanding of language is explored. I first show that there are several important and different
distinctions between tacit and accessible awareness. I then present empirical evidence concerning our understanding of language.
The data suggests that our awareness of sentence-meanings is sometimes merely tacit according to one of these distinctions,
but is accessible according to another. I present and defend an interpretation of this mixed view. The present project is
shown to impact on several diverse areas, including inferential role semantics and holism, the nature of learning, and the
role of linguistics in the law.
I am indebted to a number of people for their useful feedback, especially Peter Ludlow, Paul Pietroski, and two anonymous
reviewers. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at an Eastern meeting of the APA, a meeting of the Society for Exact
Philosophy at Simon Fraser University, and at a semantics workshop in Ottawa, Canada. I greatly appreciate the comments from
those audiences. 相似文献
925.
While similarity typically breeds social comparison, all information gained from social comparisons is not equally influential. Three studies illustrate the situations in which individuals defensively interpret social comparison information such that they incorporate information that reflects positively on the self and disregard negative information. Study 1 extends previous research to show that self‐threat broadens the conditions under which defensive interpretations occur to include those in which similarity is ambiguous. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate that defensive interpretations are less likely to occur when individuals are affirmed or when the comparison information is unimportant. These findings suggest that the impact of social comparisons on self‐views is determined by both similarity of comparison targets and the motives of the perceiver. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
926.
927.
Tone sequences with conflicting fundamental pitch and timbre changes are heard differently by musicians and nonmusicians 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Seither-Preisler A Johnson L Krumbholz K Nobbe A Patterson R Seither S Lütkenhöner B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(3):743-751
An Auditory Ambiguity Test (AAT) was taken twice by nonmusicians, musical amateurs, and professional musicians. The AAT comprised different tone pairs, presented in both within-pair orders, in which overtone spectra rising in pitch were associated with missing fundamental frequencies (F0) falling in pitch, and vice versa. The F0 interval ranged from 2 to 9 semitones. The participants were instructed to decide whether the perceived pitch went up or down; no information was provided on the ambiguity of the stimuli. The majority of professionals classified the pitch changes according to F0, even at the smallest interval. By contrast, most nonmusicians classified according to the overtone spectra, except in the case of the largest interval. Amateurs ranged in between. A plausible explanation for the systematic group differences is that musical practice systematically shifted the perceptual focus from spectral toward missing-F0 pitch, although alternative explanations such as different genetic dispositions of musicians and nonmusicians cannot be ruled out. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
928.
Tracking the mind during reading via eye movements: comments on Kliegl, Nuthmann, and Engbert (2006) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rayner K Pollatsek A Drieghe D Slattery TJ Reichle ED 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2007,136(3):520-9; discussion 530-7
R. Kliegl, A. Nuthmann, and R. Engbert reported an impressive set of data analyses dealing with the influence of the prior, present, and next word on the duration of the current eye fixation during reading. They argued that outcomes of their regression analyses indicate that lexical processing is distributed across a number of words during reading. The authors of this comment question their conclusions and address 4 different issues: (a) whether there is evidence for distributed lexical processing, (b) whether so-called parafoveal-on-foveal effects are widespread, (c) the role of correlational analyses in reading research, and (d) problems in their analyses because they use only cases in which words are fixated exactly once. 相似文献
929.
Theeuwes J Van der Burg E 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1335-1351
Even though it is undisputed that prior information regarding the location of a target affects visual selection, the issue of whether information regarding nonspatial features, such as color and shape, has similar effects has been a matter of debate since the early 1980s. In the study described in this article, measures derived from signal detection theory were used to show that perceptual sensitivity is affected by a top-down set for spatial information but not by a top-down set for nonspatial information. This indicates that knowing where the target singleton is affects perceptual selectivity but that knowing what it is does not help selectivity. Furthermore, perceptual sensitivity can be enhanced by nonspatial features, but only through a process related to bottom-up priming. These findings have important implications for models of visual selection. 相似文献
930.
Reconciling reinforcement learning models with behavioral extinction and renewal: implications for addiction, relapse, and problem gambling 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Because learned associations are quickly renewed following extinction, the extinction process must include processes other than unlearning. However, reinforcement learning models, such as the temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL) model, treat extinction as an unlearning of associated value and are thus unable to capture renewal. TDRL models are based on the hypothesis that dopamine carries a reward prediction error signal; these models predict reward by driving that reward error to zero. The authors construct a TDRL model that can accommodate extinction and renewal through two simple processes: (a) a TDRL process that learns the value of situation-action pairs and (b) a situation recognition process that categorizes the observed cues into situations. This model has implications for dysfunctional states, including relapse after addiction and problem gambling. 相似文献