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171.
Animal Cognition - This paper is an introduction to the special issue entitled Evolving the study of gesture: evaluating and unifying theories of gesture acquisition in great apes. The gestures of... 相似文献
172.
Erica Baffelli 《Religion Compass》2010,4(12):746-756
Sōka Gakkai, the largest of the so-called New Religions (shinshūkyō) in Japan, was founded in the 1930s by the educator Makiguchi Tsunesaburō 1 and started its political involvement during the 1950s under its second president Toda Jōsei. Sōka Gakkai was not unique among new religions in being actively involved in politics after the Second World War; several other religious groups supported their candidates or joined political committees. However, Sōka Gakkai was the only religion in postwar Japan to found an independent political party that has established itself as an enduring presence in the Japanese electoral system. Indeed its political involvement culminated in the formation of the Kōmeitō (Clean Government Party), in 1964, renamed Shin Kōmeitō in 1998. This article surveys three issues concerning Sōka Gakkai’s political activities: the involvement of religious groups in political activities in the postwar period, the foundation of Kōmeitō and the group’s interpretation of Nichiren Buddhism regarding the relationship between religion and the state. 相似文献
173.
Lanny Fields Erica Doran Michael Marroquin 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(1):57-84
Three experiments identified factors that did and did not enhance the formation of two‐node four‐member equivalence classes when training and testing were conducted with trials presented in a trace stimulus pairing two‐response (SP2R) format. All trials contained two separately presented stimuli. Half of the trials, called within‐class trials, contained stimuli from the same class while the other half, called cross class trials, contained stimuli from different classes. On within class trials, making a YES response was correct and making a NO response was wrong. On cross class trials, making a NO response was correct and making a YES response was wrong. In Experiment 1, similar intermediate percentages of participants (about 50%) formed classes, regardless of whether the responses were labeled YES and NO or SAME and DIFF. Response labeling thus did not influence class formation. Regardless of response labels, failures of class formation were primarily due to failure of class‐indicative responding produced by within‐class transitivity probes. In Experiment 2, only 50% of participants formed classes without prior training, as in Experiment 1, but 100% of participants formed equivalence classes after the establishment of a generalized transitivity repertoire by use of a programmed transitivity induction protocol. Experiment 3 examined two components of the programmed transitivity induction protocol and found that the exclusion of AC trials had no effect on the percentage of participants who formed equivalence classes, while presenting the stimulus sets in randomized order interfered with equivalence class formation. A further analysis found that a number of stimulus control topographies differentiated between individuals who did and did not form equivalence classes. In general, then, these experiments demonstrate that equivalence classes can be formed reliably when training and testing are conducted in an SP2R format, supporting the view that equivalence class formation can account for the development of conceptual categories in natural settings. 相似文献
174.
Erica R. Hoff MA Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2009,39(6):576-587
A paucity of research exists examining personality and cognitive characteristics that may contribute to nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). The purpose of the current study was to clarify the contribution of perfectionism and rumination, along with depression and anxiety, to NSSI within a sample of 170 college students. Group comparisons revealed that participants with a history of NSSI endorsed significantly more rumination and depressive and anxious symptoms then non‐NSSI controls. Results regarding perfectionism were mixed, with NSSI participants differing from controls on select aspects of perfectionism. Results suggest higher levels of depression and anxiety and a ruminative cognitive style may increase vulnerability for NSSI; however, further research is needed to clarify the contribution of perfectionism. 相似文献
175.
A sample of 118 U.S. 6th and 7th graders was used to examine early adolescents’ views of whether video games negatively influence themselves, others of the same age, and younger others. Six specific games ranging in rating from E for Everyone to M for Mature were listed for the early adolescents to respond to, with questions asked about both potential influence and whether young people should be allowed to play the games. Results support a third‐person perception that grew as the rating of the game became more restrictive and as the “other” group in question became younger. The presence of rules set by parents about video game use was a positive predictor of perceptions of influence on self and others. 相似文献
176.
Erica Burman 《Psychodynamic Practice》2013,19(2):187-205
This paper explores connections and tensions between practices of feminist teaching and learning and psychotherapeutic work, in relation to three areas: issues of authority, the crafting of experience into narrative account, and the production of safe (enough) spaces for exploration of (students‘/clients’) personal meanings in relation to socially structured differences and inequalities. Drawing on examples from teaching, I discuss writing as a mode of representation of personal experience that both facilitates its expression and containment, and thereby supports individual and group processes. The paper ends on a cautionary note by highlighting limits to the parallels drawn between (feminist) therapy and teaching. Nevertheless, it is argued that the challenge within both arenas is to use the power with which we as practitioners are invested to foster conditions for transforming inequalities, while maintaining the structural ambivalence of our own institutional positions. 相似文献
177.
178.
Adults with different attachment orientations rely on different areas of life to maintain self‐views. This paper reports two studies that examine the link between attachment and feedback‐seeking patterns in interpersonal and competence‐related domains. Participants in Study 1 imagined receiving feedback from a friend. Participants in Study 2 completed dyadic tasks and were promised feedback from interpersonal‐ and competence‐relevant sources. Across both studies, secure individuals consistently chose the most positive feedback. Individuals high in attachment avoidance sought negative feedback over positive, although dismissing‐avoidant individuals sought positive hypothetical feedback about autonomy. Study 2 further suggested that highly avoidant individuals were more open to negative feedback than positive feedback and than were secure individuals. Moreover, individuals high in attachment anxiety failed to seek positive interpersonal feedback but pursued interpersonal over competence feedback. Results highlight the role of feedback‐seeking in maintenance of positive or negative self‐views for adults with different attachment orientations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
179.
Erica G. Hepper Claire M. Hart Rosie Meek Sylwia Cisek Constantine Sedikides 《欧洲人格杂志》2014,28(2):201-210
Understanding the individual factors that predispose persons to criminal behaviour is vital to reducing offending and rehabilitating those who have been sentenced to prison. This study examined the roles of narcissism (at both clinical and subclinical trait levels) and empathy, by comparing levels in young adult males currently serving a prison sentence to those with no history of criminal convictions. Prison participants had significantly higher levels of narcissism—in particular entitlement—than control participants, and this link was sequentially mediated by lower perspective‐taking and subsequently lack of empathic concern. Trait narcissism showed stronger effects than narcissistic personality disorder symptoms. Narcissistic young men's feelings of entitlement and ensuing lack of empathy for others may account for their greater likelihood of criminal behaviour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
180.
This is the second of three parts of an introduction to the philosophy of climate science. In this second part about modelling climate change, the topics of climate modelling, confirmation of climate models, the limits of climate projections, uncertainty and finally model ensembles will be discussed. 相似文献