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981.
Testosterone levels have been shown to decrease in the face of social defeat in several mammalian species. Among humans, the loss of social status has been studied primarily in the context of athletic competition, with winners having higher testosterone levels than losers. This study examined testosterone levels in relation to peer victimization (bullying) in a sample of 151 boys and girls aged 12–13. Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts. Similar trends were evident comparing social and physical bullying with testosterone. Sex differences are discussed in terms of empirically validated differences in coping styles, as girls tend to internalize, whereas boys tend to externalize, their abuse. Aggr. Behav. 35:103–113, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
982.
Elizabeth R. Tenney Eric Turkheimer Thomas F. Oltmanns 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(4):579-585
Is possession of desirable personality characteristics the only predictor that someone will be well-liked in a group of acquaintances, or does similarity to others in the group also matter? We tested participants (n = 844) who had been assigned to peer groups and had spent 6 weeks together. Participants assessed self and peer personalities. We found that after controlling for attributions of desirable and undesirable personality characteristics, individuals with similar personality patterns liked each other more than individuals with dissimilar patterns. Further analysis revealed similarity of basic demographic attributes (i.e., sex and race) predicted liking independent of personality similarity. Results provide a comprehensive analysis of relations between personality similarity and liking among acquaintances in a randomized, naturalistic design. 相似文献
983.
A difficult result to interpret in Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) occurs when an ability estimate initially drops and then ascends continuously until the test ends, suggesting that the true ability may be higher than implied by the final estimate. We explain why this asymmetry occurs and show that early mistakes by high ability students can lead to considerable underestimation, even in tests with 45 items. The opposite response pattern, where low ability students start with lucky guesses, leads to much less bias. We show that using Barton and Lord's (1981) four-parameter model and a less informative prior can lower bias and RMSE for high ability students with a poor start, as the CAT algorithm ascends more quickly after initial underperformance. We also show that the 4PM slightly outperforms a CAT in which less discriminating items are initially used. The practical implications and relevance for psychological measurement more generally are discussed. 相似文献
984.
In this article, the importance of conducting a religious and spiritual assessment in counseling is considered. Some essential dimensions of religion and spirituality to assess are described. The authors recommend assessment questions that can be asked during clinical interviews or included on written intake questionnaires. They also briefly describe a few standardized religious and spiritual assessment instruments. Finally, they offer suggestions for conducting spiritual assessments in school settings. 相似文献
985.
This brief commentary has three goals. The first is to argue that "framework debate" in cognitive science is unresolvable. The idea that one theory or framework can singly account for the vast complexity and variety of cognitive processes seems unlikely if not impossible. The second goal is a consequence of this: We should consider how the various theories on offer work together in diverse contexts of investigation. A final goal is to supply a brief review for readers who are compelled by these points to explore existing literature on the topic. Despite this literature, pluralism has garnered very little attention from broader cognitive science. We end by briefly considering what it might mean for theoretical cognitive science. 相似文献
986.
Eric Scott Sills Sarah Ellen Murphy 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):8-15
The development of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) as a treatment for human infertilty was among the most controversial medical achievements of the modern
era. In Ireland, the fate and status of supranumary (non-transferred) embryos derived from IVF brings challenges both for
clinical practice and public health policy because there is no judicial or legislative framework in place to address the medical,
scientific, or ethical uncertainties. Complex legal issues exist regarding informed consent and ownership of embryos, particularly
the use of non-transferred embryos if a couple separates or divorces. But since case law is only beginning to emerge from
outside Ireland and because legislation on IVF and human embryo status is entirely absent here, this matter is poised to raise
contractual, constitutional and property law issues at the highest level. Our analysis examines this medico-legal challenge
in an Irish context, and summarises key decisions on this issue rendered from other jurisdictions. The contractual issues
raised by the Roche case regarding informed consent and the implications the initial judgment may have for future disputes over embryos are also
discussed. Our research also considers a putative Constitutional 'right to procreate' and the implications EU law may have
for an Irish case concerning the fate of frozen embryos. Since current Medical Council guidelines are insufficient to ensure
appropriate regulation of the advanced reproductive technologies in Ireland, the report of the Commission on Assisted Human
Reproduction is most likely to influence embryo custody disputes. Public policy requires the establishment and implementation
of a more comprehensive legislative framework within which assisted reproductive medical services are offered. 相似文献
987.
Charles EP 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(1):53-66
As Ecological Psychology pushes into new areas, success will be made easier by a rediscovery its theoretical history, in particular
the “New Realism”, lead in part by E. B. Holt. Three New Realists tenants seem particularly relevant: (1) we experience reality,
(2) relations are real, and (3) things are what you see when you see those things. Though the two groups differ in terms of
their conception of perception, and what can be perceived, their conceptions are related in very insightful ways. Further,
the comparison reemphasizes the extent of unique empirical claims ecological psychologists make, and grounds those claims
within a larger framework for psychology as a whole. This makes obvious the need for further work on the mathematics of invariants,
the physiological mechanisms of information extraction, and the behaviors of perception.
Eric P. Charles is an assistant professor of Psychology in Pennsylvania State University, Altoona. He has done mathematical, empirical and theoretical work revolving around the Ecological Psychology of James J. Gibson. This lead to study of the history of psychology, philosophy of science, and evolutionary psychology. His empirical work currently focus on researching active looking, particularly its development in infancy. 相似文献
Eric P. CharlesEmail: |
Eric P. Charles is an assistant professor of Psychology in Pennsylvania State University, Altoona. He has done mathematical, empirical and theoretical work revolving around the Ecological Psychology of James J. Gibson. This lead to study of the history of psychology, philosophy of science, and evolutionary psychology. His empirical work currently focus on researching active looking, particularly its development in infancy. 相似文献
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