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971.
972.
Ragozzino ME Mohler EG Prior M Palencia CA Rozman S 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(1):13-22
Daily living often requires individuals to flexibly respond to new circumstances. There is considerable evidence that the striatum is part of a larger neural network that supports flexible adaptations. Cholinergic interneurons are situated to strongly influence striatal output patterns which may enable flexible adaptations. The present experiments investigated whether acetylcholine actions in different striatal regions support behavioral flexibility by measuring acetylcholine efflux during place reversal learning. Acetylcholine efflux selectively increased in the dorsomedial striatum, but not dorsolateral or ventromedial striatum during place reversal learning. In order to modulate the M2-class of autoreceptors, administration of oxotremorine sesquifumurate (100 nM) into the dorsomedial striatum, concomitantly impaired reversal learning and an increase in acetylcholine output. These effects were reversed by the m(2) muscarinic receptor antagonist, AF-DX-116 (20 nM). The effects of oxotremorine sesquifumurate and AF-DX-116 on acetylcholine efflux were selective to behaviorally-induced changes as neither treatment affected acetylcholine output in a resting condition. In contrast to reversal learning, acetylcholine efflux in the dorsomedial striatum did not change during place acquisition. The results reveal an essential role for cholinergic activity and define its locus of control to the dorsomedial striatum in cognitive flexibility. 相似文献
973.
Eric F. Dubow L. Rowell Huesmann Paul Boxer 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(2):113-126
In this article, we describe a theoretical framework for understanding how persistent and extreme exposure to ethnic–political
conflict and violence interacts with cognitive, emotional, and self processes to influence children’s psychosocial adjustment.
Three recent strands of theorizing guide our approach. First, we focus on how observational and social learning processes
combine to influence the development of social-cognitive structures and processes that affect behavior. Second, we focus on
the role of developing self and identity processes in shaping the child’s interactions with the world and the consequences
of those interactions. Third, we build on the complex systems perspective on development and assume that human development
can only be understood accurately by examining how the multiple contexts affecting children and the adults in their lives
interact to moderate biosocial factors which predispose individuals to develop in certain directions. We review the recent
empirical literature on children’s exposure to ethnic–political violence and we apply the social-cognitive-ecological framework
to the empirical findings in this literature. Finally, we propose future directions for research and clinical implications
derived from this framework. 相似文献
974.
Felipe De Brigard Eric Mandelbaum David Ripley 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(5):511-524
Some theorists think that the more we get to know about the neural underpinnings of our behaviors, the less likely we will
be to hold people responsible for their actions. This intuition has driven some to suspect that as neuroscience gains insight
into the neurological causes of our actions, people will cease to view others as morally responsible for their actions, thus
creating a troubling quandary for our legal system. This paper provides empirical evidence against such intuitions. Particularly,
our studies of folk intuitions suggest that (1) when the causes of an action are described in neurological terms, they are
not found to be any more exculpatory than when described in psychological terms, and (2) agents are not held fully responsible
even for actions that are fully neurologically caused. 相似文献
975.
Peter Muris Eric Rassin Guus Smeets Daniëlle Remmerswaal 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(3):206-214
The present study made an attempt to induce fear-related reasoning biases by providing children with negative information about a novel stimulus. For this purpose, non-clinical children aged 9-12 years (N = 318) were shown a picture of an unknown animal for which they received either negative, ambiguous, positive, or no information. Then children completed a series of tests for measuring various types of reasoning biases (i.e., confirmation bias and covariation bias) in relation to this animal. Results indicated that children in the negative and, to a lesser extent, the ambiguous information groups displayed higher scores on tests of fear-related reasoning biases than children in the positive and no information groups. Altogether, these results support the idea that learning via negatively tinted information plays a role in the development of fear-related cognitive distortions in youths. 相似文献
976.
N. Pretorius J. Beecham H. Dawson I. Eisler S. Gowers E. Johnson-Sabine C. Newell L. Richards L. Rowlands J. Treasure C. Williams M. Yoshioka 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(9):729-736
Background
The evidence base for the treatment of adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN) is limited.Aims
To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of a web-based cognitive-behavioural (CBT) intervention for adolescents with bulimic symptomatology.Method
101 participants were recruited from eating disorders clinics or from beat, a UK-wide eating disorders charity. The programme consisted of online CBT sessions (‘Overcoming Bulimia Online’), peer support via message boards, and email support from a clinician. Participants' bulimic symptomatology and service utilisation were assessed by interview at baseline and at three and six months. Participants' views of the treatment package were also determined.Results
There were significant improvements in eating disorder symptoms and service contacts from baseline to three months, which were maintained at six months. Participants' views of the intervention were positive.Conclusions
The intervention has the potential for use as a first step in the treatment of adolescents with bulimic symptomatology. 相似文献977.
Andrew W. Gardner David P. Wacker Eric W. Boelter 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):343-348
The choice‐making behavior of 2 typically developing children who engaged in problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement was evaluated within a concurrent‐operants assessment that varied the quality of attention across free‐play and demand conditions. The results demonstrated that it was possible to bias responding towards academic demands for both participants by providing high‐quality attention, despite the continuous availability of negative reinforcement. The current study extended brief clinical methods with typically developing children and demonstrated how different qualities of attention provided across concurrent schedules could bias responding. 相似文献
978.
Kristine D. Toomey Edward M. Levinson Eric J. Palmer 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2009,46(2):82-93
This study investigated the validity of J. L. Holland's (1997) theory of vocational personalities and work environments. The sample consisted of 241 randomly selected members of the National Association of School Psychologists, each of whom completed a demographic data form, the Self‐Directed Search‐Revised (SDS‐R; J. L. Holland, 1994) and a modified short form of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (D. J. Weiss, R. V. Dawis, G. W. England, & L. H. Lofquist, 1967). Only limited support was found for major constructs associated with Holland's theory, although the study found several significant relationships between 3‐letter SDS‐R codes and desired role function as would be predicted by Holland's theory. 相似文献
979.
Eric D. Wesselmann Danielle Bagg Kipling D. Williams 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1308-1311
Ostracism—being ignored and excluded—is a painful experience with negative psychological consequences. Social psychologists (
[Kerr and Levine, 2008]
and
[Spoor and Williams, 2007]
) argue humans have an evolved system for automatically detecting cues of ostracism and exclusion. Detection elicits pain and threats to fundamental needs. We hypothesize simply observing ostracism will cause negative affect and need threat in the observer. Participants observed a three-player Cyberball game; a target player was included or ostracized, and participants were either instructed to take the perspective of this player or given no such instructions. Participants observing ostracism reported negative affect and need threat. Our results indicate that ostracism detection is even more powerful than previously suggested, because vicariously, we feel the pain of others’ ostracism as our own. 相似文献
980.
Maarten J.J. Wubben David De Cremer Eric van Dijk 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):987-990
Emotions fulfill many social functions, but data on their essential function of establishing cooperation are lacking. We investigated how communicating anger and disappointment guides reciprocal cooperative behavior. Although anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, we predicted that communicating disappointment was less likely to backfire. A laboratory study in which participants played against the reciprocal strategy of tit-for-tat showed that communicated disappointment established more cooperation than did anger. This effect also carried over to future cooperation decisions. Partners communicating disappointment evoked less anger, were evaluated more positively and as forgiving rather than retaliatory. Communication of disappointment thus appears conducive to establishing mutually beneficial relationships. 相似文献