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851.
Eric R. Stone Andrew J. Yates Allison S. Caruthers 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(9):1797-1824
In two studies, we examined people's level of risk taking when making monetary decisions for other people rather than for themselves. Experiment 1 examined the role of regret in these situations; results show that regret concerns led to increased risk avoidance both when participants made decisions for other people as well as when making decisions for themselves. Experiment 2 tested whether skill tasks would lead to greater risk avoidance when the decision was for another person versus for oneself. This hypothesis was not supported, although men were more risk seeking than were women in both situations. Taken together, these studies suggest that many of the findings from risk research on individual decision making regarding financial situations generalize to decision making for others. 相似文献
852.
James B. Wise Gary D. Ellis Eric P. Trunnell 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(3):500-521
This study examined the effects of a special curriculum designed to facilitate generalization of self-efficacy from weight-training exercises to activities of daily living (ADL) among a sample of adults with spinal injuries. Participants ( N = 17) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (a) a weight-training instruction and self-efficacy generalization group; (b) a weight-training instruction only group; or (c) a control group. The 2 groups that received weight-training instruction received 6 weight-training lessons. The group that also received the self-efficacy generalization curriculum was exposed to techniques designed to generalize self-efficacy. Participants in the group exposed to the self-efficacy generalization curriculum experienced a significantly greater generalization of self-efficacy than did those who received weight-training instruction only and those in the control group. 相似文献
853.
Eric W. Schrimshaw 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(10):2022-2042
The relationship between depressive symptoms and perceptions of available social support, social conflict, and subjective social integration were examined as part of a psychosocial study of Puerto Rican, African American, and non‐Hispanic White women living with HIV/AIDS (N= 146) in New York City. Lower levels of subjective social integration and higher levels of social conflict were associated with more depressive symptoms. Perceived availability of social support was not significantly associated with depression in comparison with these other forms of support. No evidence was found for a stress‐buffering or a stress‐amplification effect. Significant ethnic differences in levels of social integration and social conflict also were noted. Results suggest that intervention efforts should go beyond addressing support to further address the conflict and lack, of integration experienced. 相似文献
854.
Reactions to group success and failure as a function of identification level: a test of the goal-transformation hypothesis in social dilemmas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined the combined effects of identification level, social value orientation, and feedback on contributions in a public goods dilemma. Previous research has shown that strengthening group identity promotes cooperation. One explanation for this finding is that a strong group identity transforms people's motives from the personal to the collective level (the goal transformation hypothesis). Evidence for this hypothesis can be found in studies showing that a strong sense of group identity influences proselfs, relative to prosocials, to make larger contributions. In this experiment, we demonstrated that these findings are restricted to situations in which no feedback about a group's performance is provided. When performance feedback is provided, a strong group identity cancels the effects of individual differences in social value orientations. In particular, when a group fails, contributions increase if group identity is salient, but decrease if personal identity is salient, regardless of a person's social value orientation. But when a group succeeds, no differences between group and personal identity are found. These results are discussed in terms of the goal transformation hypothesis. 相似文献
855.
Inka Weissbecker Paul Salmon Jamie L. Studts Andrea R. Floyd Eric A. Dedert Sandra E. Sephton 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2002,9(4):297-307
Sense of Coherence (SOC) is conceptualized as a disposition to experience life as meaningful and manageable. Research suggests a protective effect of SOC on psychological health in stressful circumstances. This study assessed the capacity of SOC to buffer the effect of illness symptoms on psychological distress among patients with fibromyalgia. Self-reported changes in SOC after participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program were also examined. Ninety-one women with fibromyalgia provided baseline data pertaining to illness symptoms, perceived stress, and depression prior to participation in a randomized trial of MBSR. SOC and fibromyalgia symptoms were independently related to perceived stress and depression at baseline. SOC was not a statistically significant moderator of symptom effects on psychological distress. In comparison with wait-listed controls, program participants reported a significant increase in SOC after MBSR participation. These results provide the first demonstration from a randomized trial that SOC may be enhanced via intervention. 相似文献
856.
There exists a great divide between parents' demands for intensive behavioral interventions for their children with autism and the public education system's reluctance to support early intensive behavioral intervention programs. More and more, professionals with expertise in applied behavior analysis are being asked to advocate for effective, early behavioral intervention for autism in education litigation brought about by frustrated parents. The progress made in recent years in the behavioral treatment of children with autism and the schools' lack of adherence to the requirements of IDEA have made it possible for educational policy change through effective advocacy by behavioral interventionists. This paper discusses preparing for educational advocacy on behalf of young children with autism. We explore the personal and emotional reasons why parents choose to engage in the financially risky endeavor of educational litigation. We then outline an approach to developing expert testimony based upon evaluation of the target child and his/her educational history. Issues related to assessment, training, and ethical practice are addressed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
857.
Eric Steinhart 《Synthese》2002,133(3):343-361
I follow standard mathematical practice and theory to argue that the natural numbers are the finite von Neumann ordinals. I present the reasons standardly given for identifying the natural numbers with the finite von Neumann's (e.g., recursiveness; well-ordering principles; continuity at transfinite limits; minimality; and identification of n with the set of all numbers less than n). I give a detailed mathematical demonstration that 0 is { } and for every natural number n, n is the set of all natural numbers less than n. Natural numbers are sets. They are the finite von Neumann ordinals. 相似文献
858.
Despite extensive research into preferences for a romantic partner, previous work has not addressed the role of individual values in informing desires for a partner. The present study employed a recent comprehensive model of values [Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism-collectivism: new cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: theory, method and application (pp. 81–119). Newbury Park, CA: Sage] to examine the role of values and sex, age and education in partner preferences. One hundred general population respondents from two British towns completed the Schwartz Value Survey and rated the desirability of 13 partner characteristics. Correlational analyses confirmed 12 of the 17 expected relationships between value scores and partner preferences whilst regressions conducted on three preference factors underlined the importance of the sex and education of the respondent in their rating of some partner ideals. We conclude by considering the need for future studies of partner preferences to combine the study of values with a range of demographic factors studied across a number of cultural settings. 相似文献
859.
The devastating terror attacks of 11 September 2001 have often been characterized as a "bolt from the blue." Drawing inspiration from the political psychological literature on strategic surprise, this article poses the deceptively simple question of why so many U.S. policymakers were caught so woefully off guard last year. Through a preliminary empirical exploration of three broad explanatory "cuts" derived from the relevant interdisciplinary literature—psychological, bureau–organizational, and agenda–political—the authors seek to shed light on the sources of failure that may have contributed to 9/11 and point to promising avenues of investigation for future research as the available empirical record becomes more complete. 相似文献
860.